green naval yachts

EXPLORING ULTIMATE LOCATIONS IN STYLE

The extreme exploration superyachts by naval yachts.

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GREENAVAL 60

Aluminium hybrid yachts.

eXtreme eXploration Passage Maker

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WHERE YOUR DREAMS COME TRUE

Aluminum explorer & expedition yachts, exploring boundless horizons with aluminum explorer & expedition yachts.

At Naval Yachts , we specialize in crafting aluminum or steel vessels designed for long-range journeys, unmatched durability, and eco-friendly performance. Our commitment to reducing maintenance while maximizing adventures sets us apart. Our yachts are built with aluminum or steel for strength and corrosion resistance, ensuring resilience in any environment. They're engineered for fuel efficiency without compromising power and require minimal upkeep, allowing you to focus on exploring the world's most remote corners. Join us to redefine exploration, embark on unforgettable journeys, and create lasting memories with Aluminum Explorer & Expedition Yachts . Naval Yachts Passage Maker Yachts offer a unique "passage maker" experience in the explorer and expedition yacht categories.

Aluminum Strength

With the up front caveat that there is no one “best” material to use when building a boat as they all have their own lists of pros and cons, when you set about building a boat to take on the extremes that Mother Nature can throw at you when crossing the world’s oceans “short handed” with just 1 or 2 people and doing so with the highest safety and comfort, the choice becomes more clear. As with many other choices when designing and building such a boat, this is an extremely personal decision and what counts the most is that YOU have the highest possible confidence in your choice and can set to sea knowing that your boat will be able to endure much more than you.

The reasons of choosing aluminium as your hull material

Fuel Efficiency

Fuel efficiency has become one of the most important subject for boat owners and sailors not only because of high expenses but also they pay attention to the environment and nature. Naval Yachts sees these facts and concentrates in new Technologies and engineered studies together with the technical universities and institutions to find and offer solutions.

We use aluminum. A superior material. Light and 100% recyclable. ( Aluminium Yachts )

We have hybrid solutions in powertrain. We have serial hybrid boats launched already with the latest technology.

We use light materials in interior. We make our calculations to reach a light but stable boat in the end.

We design and use the most efficient hull forms in order to get best results with minimum water resistance under the waterline.

Earth is a great planet to discover and experience on a boat. As long as you can. As the sailors would like to discover and see more places, they need enough speed, consume less and bigger fuel tanks.

Our boats can give the chance the sailors to cruise faster and longer without refueling.

Long Range Yachts : Exploring the Naval Yachts XPM Series

Mission Safety / Safety First

At Naval Yachts, safety is our paramount mission. We prioritize safety first in every aspect of our aluminum yacht production. From design to construction, our unwavering commitment to ensuring the security and well-being of our passengers and crew is at the core of our values

Full Customisation

Naval Yachts is specialised in custom boat building. All our boats are unique and can not be repated because every owner has his own dream on board.

Thanks to our design and engineering team, we can make modifications easily and our experienced production and assemly team can produce and apply these modifications.

With the up front caveat that there is no one “best” material to use when building a boat as they all have their own lists of pros and cons, when you set about building a boat to take on the extremes that Mother Nature can throw at you when crossing the world’s oceans “short handed” with just 1 or 2 people and doing so with the highest safety and comfort, the choice becomes more clear.  As with many other choices when designing and building such a boat, this is an extremely personal decision and what counts the most is that YOU have the highest possible confidence in your choice and can set to sea knowing that your boat will be able to endure much more than you.

The reasons of choosing aluminium as your hull material;

• Extremely easy to work with using regularly available tools such as carbide tipped saws and router bits and to fabricate with readily available welding and bending equipment.  CNC cutting with plasma, waterjet or laser works particularly well with aluminium which allows custom designs to be as affordably built as production boats with the dramatic savings in labour time and costs.
• On a like to like boat comparison aluminum boat hulls weigh about 30% less than steel and less weight means a more easily powered hull which pays us back in reduced fuel costs for the life of the boat.
• Our previous all steel sailboat taught us the valuable lesson that robustly built metal boats do not flex or move under the stress and strain of the seas and everything and everyone onboard benefits from boat parts that stay water tight because they don’t move and from the quiet of cabinetry that isn’t being flexed.
• eXtremely low exterior maintenance time and costs when left unpainted down to the waterline as we will do.  Left unpainted, bare aluminium quickly forms a hard outer layer of aluminium oxide which prevents any corrosion which will be a major cost savings throughout the life of the boat.
• Highest strength to weight ratio of any boat building material other than composites.
• Future modifications or repairs of damaged parts of the hull can be easily done with either onboard equipment if you know how to weld or by pretty much any welders you will find in any country.
• While steel may have higher puncture resistance in some situations, aluminium is the most pliable and ductile of any other boat material meaning that when (never if) we hit something the aluminium will bend but not break or crack.  By using gradually thicker aluminium hull plating from the 6mm we have on our decks to ultimately 16mm below the waterline and 25mm thick at the keel our hull will most likely see us through pretty much any scenario.
• Relatively easy to control corrosion or rot compared to steel, wood, fiberglass or composites.
• Aluminium is very “transparent” in terms of letting  you see any damage that does exist as there is nothing which hides below the surface of unpainted aluminium.
• It varies somewhat between different world markets but aluminium boats tend to have a higher resale value than other materials because of all the advantages above.

We use aluminum. A superior material. Light and 100% recyclable.

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Inboard express cruiser GreeNaval 40 hybrid twin-engine open

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GN50, DESIGNED FOR COMFORTABLE CRUISINGS WITH ZERO FUEL CONSUMPTION UP TO 20 MILES RANGE

GN50 - Hybrid Yacht

Gn50 is intellectually designed for safe cruising, low maintenance needs, manually operations and zero fuel consumption.  .

With 14.90 meters overall length, 4.60 meters beam and 2.10 meters ceiling heights; GN50 hybrid yacht provides a huge interior volumes. Hot water and air conditioning are provided from natural energy sources which mean saving.

GN50 has 2 x 50 kW permanent magnet electric DC motors and 20 kVA generator. There is 90 kWh battery bank which provides daily 20 miles range with pure electric and zero fuel consumption. 

Solar panels products daily 20 kW energy which means GN50 can cruise 2 hours with 5 knots just with solar panels. In case of energy need, a generator can be used and recharged batteries or directly propelled electric motors via service batteries.

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SY Interviews: Naval Architects & The Drive for Green Yachting

By Jenna Mehdi

The second article in our series on naval architecture brings us inevitably to the topic of sustainability. Whether due to higher levels of information and education, or public personas and a shifting demographic of owners, the superyacht industry is becoming increasingly conscious of its environmental footprint. We examine how the architects behind the operation, fuelling and power generation of the world’s ocean giants play an integral role in this discussion, the complexities around this, and what the future looks like for ‘green yachting’.

Part 2 of our 4-part series features Thys Nikkels (CEO & Naval Architect, Dykstra Naval Architects ), Matteo Magherini (Business Development & Naval Architect, Lateral Naval Architects ) and Johan Siefer (Naval Architect, Judel / Vrolijk & Co. ). 

The importance of being green is undeniably taking an increasingly large space in the discussion of yacht design. Have you seen that reflected in the jobs you have been commissioned for?

At Dykstra Naval Architects, Thys Nikkels reports a noticeable shift towards ‘greener’ yachting over the last ten years. ‘ In 2008 we launched Rainbow Warrior III for Greenpeace, with a philosophy of going motor sailing and reducing fuel consumption,’ he tells us. ‘It was their first new build vessel - we performed a full life cycle analysis of the boat and found that actually over 35 years of a vessel’s lifetime, the burning of fossil fuel was by far the most harmful environmental impact and not the build. So you’re actually better off building a new vessel which performs much better with fuel than buying second-hand and refitting for that purpose .’ 

An interesting observation, not least because of the abundance of sustainable choices available to those seeking to build a new ‘green’ yacht. For an example of the developmental nature of these options, take Lateral Naval Architect’s E-Hybrid system. ‘Effectively you have batteries to run the propulsion power, and a small diesel generator to recharge the battery - a diesel electric in reverse ,’ Matteo Magherini tells us. The advantage of this system is that the vessel is effectively ‘future proof ’; the batteries can be replaced as technology around it improves, until a diesel generator is no longer needed. ‘It’s a stepping stone to hydrogen and other technologies that will follow.’  

Of course there are challenges in converting client interest in sustainability to green yacht projects. Johan Siefer of Judel / Vrolijk & Co., a naval architecture and design firm specialising in high-performance sailing yachts, tells us that although discussions around sustainability are now held in the very early stages of a project, the ‘risk factor’ is the largest obstacle to conversion. ‘Superyachts far from shore have to be absolutely reliable. Right now some promising green solutions and new techniques need more time and testing - we need to work to reduce the risk factor.’

Can you tell us about the ways in which your design and architecture has catered to a more sustainable yacht? 

Johan’s concerns regarding the risk factor are certainly valid. ‘ Rate of development is also an issue,’ Matteo adds. With the average project taking around 4-5 years, it is difficult for owners to decide how much they wish to invest in sustainable platforms when their newly delivered yacht will be fitted with technology developed almost a decade earlier. This aside, there is a dizzying array of options available to owners to build, or indeed already on the water, marking huge strides in the field of sustainability. 

The team at Dykstra has invested heavily in hybrid solutions since 2008, Thys tells us, notably by using propellors to generate power onboard. The best example of this is the 106m sailing yacht Black Pearl, which effectively achieves zero fuel consumption by virtue of two propellors rotating while sailing at 12 knots of windspeed. ‘ We are able to generate enough power - up to 450kW - allowing us to completely shut off the generators. So all the hotel load comes from the power generated by the propellors.’

Thys goes on, ‘We’re now looking into a vessel where we don’t carry diesel fuel anymore, we only have storage or electric power onboard and we generate all of the power onboard ourselves with sailing or solar power .’ 

Proving sustainability is not an exclusive privilege relegated to the realm of sailing yachts, Matteo and the team at Lateral earned a name for themselves with the revolutionary AQUA concept presented at the 2019 Monaco Yacht Show. As part of the BMT Group, Lateral looked at advancements in the shipping industry to develop a feasible motor platform powered by liquified hydrogen to achieve the ultimate goal of zero emissions. 

‘The full bunkering capacity of AQUA is 26 tonnes of liquified hydrogen. As current global production is at 28 tonnes, the product needs a client who is visionary enough to invest in the provisioning and develop a network of distribution him or herself, ’ Matteo tells us. ‘ We have started studies and discussions into making this possible.’

The centrality of the owner underpins the extent to which a yacht can be made sustainable then. Great things can be achieved when a willing owner invests in a green sailing yacht, and a visionary owner is needed to progress Lateral’s revolutionary technology for AQUA into the next stages. ‘We must do the right boat for the client ,’ Johan affirms. ‘There’s size, efficiency of the hulls - there are a lot of areas of influence to make the project better.’ 

What do you think is the biggest thing that needs to change for the industry to become more environmentally conscious and where does this change need to come from?

While there is certainly a distinction to be drawn between motor and sail yachting (‘ More sail yachts, less motor yachts! ’ is the solution proposed by Thys), there are significant areas of influence for change on a more general level. 

To expand upon these areas of influence, Matteo points to a ‘ pool of consultants’ around the owners of large superyacht projects (80m+) who have ‘the power to steer the project in one direction or another’. 

This is where the risk factor comes into play; owners’ representatives and shipyards will seek to push an agenda of the lowest risk. Developing new technology is one task of the naval architect in promoting green yachting, but educating the necessary players is a fundamental next step. ‘I see ourselves as missionaries ,’ Matteo tells us. ‘ On a mission to spread the word and push new ideas, encouraging other people to join the conversation too.’ 

There are some people that say yachting (or motor yachting) is inherently contradictory to ‘being green’. What would you say to this?

At Dykstra and Judel / Vrolijk & Co., a specialism in sailing yachts has developed from the passion of sailing shared by the founders. But as Thys tells us, an interesting concept for a motor yacht will always be considered. 

To illustrate this, Dykstra developed Project ICE, a superyacht which uses a kite for fuel saving - another idea borrowed from the commercial shipping industry. ‘It’s something you can actually retro-fit on a motor yacht, too,’ Thys points out.  

Ultimately though, a truly ‘green’ yacht using the technology currently available must be powered by wind. ‘The market of sailing yachts is quite complex. You need more time, more knowledge and more skills to get onboard and enjoy a sailing yacht,’ says Matteo.  

This is a common conception, but one that the team at Dykstra have been fighting hard against with the proliferation of the Dynarig. Bringing Wilhelm Prölß’s rig to the notorious masts of the Maltese Falcon and Black Pearl, the core concept at the heart of the Dynarig is its ease of use.

‘Sometimes as an industry we are building sailing yachts that are so complicated - for aesthetics, comfort, performance - it doesn’t mean the boat is inherently greener than a motor yacht. If it is too complicated to go sailing with the ship, then the crew will choose to go motoring instead, or to save wear and tear on the rig. So as designers we have to give the crew the right ship for the task ,’ says Thys.

Johan adds, ‘It comes down to an understanding of our culture and how much comfort and complexity you want.’

Where do you see the industry going in regards to being green in the next 5 years?

The main areas of improvement, our interviewees agreed, lie in furthering the conversation around green yachting. ‘ The yachting industry is small compared to industry leaders, so we have to connect and may also have to wait for the heavy industry to develop the products that we can implement,’ comments Johan. 

Rather than any miraculous practical solutions, education and dialogue will be at the forefront of industry efforts in the next five years. Matteo reaffirmed the naval architect’s commitment to education, be it in the areas of hydrogen, electrification of yachts, or indeed simply suggesting a sailing yacht to an owner who would normally opt for motor. 

Thys adds, ‘I hope we have more clients pushing for green options, and an industry that is open to investigate and promote that.’

But the solution isn’t entirely talking shop. In addition to furthering the dialogue into necessary action, there are practical areas of improvement which include capacities and regulation. Matteo suggests that we may be seeing rechargeable capacities in more and more marinas around the world, to cater for a predicted increase in electric yachts. Meanwhile, the IMO regulations on commercial shipping could be extended to cover yachting too. 

The role of naval architects in pushing the sustainable agenda is a complex and critical one. Limited by resources, clients, technology and a host of other priorities, naval architecture has nonetheless managed to break huge ground in theory and practice to curb the carbon footprint of the world’s superyacht fleet. Technological advancements in the years ahead will be crucial to the progression of this, and the continued receptibility of owners amongst other players in translating the research of naval architects into real and tangible change. 

"We’re now looking into a vessel where we don’t carry diesel fuel anymore, we only have storage or electric power onboard and we generate all of the power onboard ourselves with sailing or solar power." Thys Nikkels, CEO Dykstra Naval Architects

"We’re now looking into a vessel where we don’t carry diesel fuel anymore, we only have storage or electric power onboard and we generate all of the power onboard ourselves with sailing or solar power."

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Good to Sea

Designers of green maritime transport.

Green Catamarans

A clean and viable solution for forward-looking ship owners worldwide.

On-going developments in hydrogen technology and infrastructure are creating commercially attractive options for passenger and cargo transport industries worldwide.

By designing catamarans equipped with electro-hydrogen propulsion, our team of engineers is re-engineering the propulsion system and the vessel architecture to reduce mass, optimise energy efficiency and allow this new energy vector to be integrated on board in complete safety.

Green Navy will offer new, adaptable, efficient and environmentally friendly solutions for operators to buy or lease – fuelled by public awareness and demand.

Modular superstructure to suit your needs

What differentiates green navy is our flexibility..

The Green Navy electro-hydrogen solution is uniquely adaptable to every operator’s budget. Any PAX, CARGO or PAX/CARGO layout can be built with a carefully calculated number of batteries and hydrogen bottles depending on the needs of the end user optimising weight/autonomy and charge cycles.

Green Navy vessels will also offer an extremely advantageous ratio in terms of energy consumed, weight of vessel and distance travelled.

Specifications: Length overall: 25 m

Beam overall: 10,30 m

Construction: Aluminium 5083

Classification: Bureau Veritas ● HULL ● MACH

Power: 2x 130kW @ 3000rpm

Standard battery capacity: 2x 320 kWh

Optional battery capacity: 2x 480kWh

Maximum H2 storage: 2x 100 kg Fuel cell: 2x 70 – 100 kW

Tons of Freight

Our PAX catamaran will offer unparalleled performance in the world of new maritime energies in terms of navigational comfort, independence, and operational costs.

• Complete reduction of noise pollution and odour nuisance – an exceptional passenger experience compared to a diesel vessel.
• Simplified design – a very attractive solution for commuters and tourists.

CARGO 0 passengers / 30 tons of freight

Our CARGO catamaran will be your carbon free freight solution.

• Adaptability of hydrogen storage to the desired autonomy Useful area of 70m2 dedicated to goods.
• Accessibility to city centres in an environmentally friendly, safe and cost-effective way: a zero-emission goods transport solution, offering an alternative to congested road transport networks.

MIXED 100 passengers / 20 tons of freight

Our Mixed version is intended to transport both goods and passengers. A versatile concept,

this multi-purpose catamaran allows to adapt your activity to suit market opportunities and regional needs.

Expertise and innovation

The Merré shipyard has been a specialist in naval construction for over a century and produces Green Navy hulls in France. Merré works with the French national navy force, port authorities, shipowners and operators. The hull construction of our first catamaran in PAX configuration, named ‘Prometeo’, commenced in the third quarter of 2023.

Electro-hydrogen propulsion

Our ships will be powered by electric motors powered by NMC Lithium-ion batteries. They will carry hydrogen stored at 350 bars as a Range-Extender. The fuel cells will combine this carbon-free and renewable energy source with the oxygen present in the air to produce electricity and recharge the battery fleet. During their operation, PEM fuel cells will produce water vapor for their only emission.

Electro-hydrogen propulsion is therefore cleaner than any other motorised propulsion using fossil fuels because it does not produce greenhouse gas emissions or air pollutants. It is silent, odourless and vibration-free, and it offers superior efficiency. These major benefits make Green Navy’s electro-hydrogen propulsion better for the environment and closer to the global goal of clean and sustainable shipping.

The Green Navy solution goes much further.

Green Navy will be the first company in Europe to implement this technology on board in the context of passengers and goods which makes our catamaran unique in the marketplace.

The vessel will be supplied with green hydrogen to ensure a complete carbon-free chain. In addition, we are developing an innovative transmission system with an optimised reduction system that develops greater torque at reduced propeller rotation speed. This will improve efficiency and reduce the energy consumption of our vessels.

Our commitment to efficiency has seen us work closely with G-Sea Design on the ultimate precision of structural calculations. This has resulted in a lightweight catamaran prototype with exceptional strength and rigidity – tested in all weather conditions and in passenger/cargo/ and combined configurations.

We are designing and producing in France a clean technological vessel that is carbon-free with low energy consumption, offers full marine capacity, and is available at short notice.

Our team of engineers has optimised the propulsion system and the architecture of the vessel to reduce its mass and provide an adaptable, efficient and environmentally-friendly solution.

Our boats are powered with Green Hydrogen  derived from the electrolysis of water using renewable energy.

Impressive performance thanks to an intelligent propulsion management system:

• Range of 300km at 8.3 knots, approximately 36 sailing hours.
• Range of 244km at 9.3 knots, approximately 25 sailing hours.
• Maximum speed of 12 knots, or 14 knots on demand.

Define your project

Let our experienced team help you.

Regardless of your desired configuration, our boats will be available for medium & long-term lease, and outright sale.

Our growing team, which already comprises 12+ dedicated, experienced and enthusiastic individuals, is available to discuss your project and build a solution to meet your needs.

Guy Saillard

Co-founder of Green Navy, Guy is a naval architect and maritime expert with 50 years of experience. He has demonstrated his commitment to carbon-free mobility by working on the design and improvement of precursor boats in this sector – in particular, the Energy Observer and the Planet Solar . We owe to him the design of the Green Navy prototype boat.

Atila Perez

Founder of Green Navy (2019), Atila Perez is committed to reducing the environmental footprint in the maritime transport sector. Born in Mexico, he has lived in France since 1999. After an early career in the catering sector, Atila is now at the helm of three Carrefour retail shops.

Grégoire Lebigot

Partner of Green Navy, Grégoire is also the Chairman and Founder of VALLAIR, a Franco-Luxembourgish group specialising in the maintenance of airliners (MRO), as well as in the recycling activities of mature aircraft, engines and aeronautical components. With a cumulative experience of 30 years in aviation, notably at Airbus and Air France, Grégoire has developed a pioneering aircraft disassembly and cargo conversion business in Europe.

Charles Cardi

Our newly appointed Chief Executive Officer. Cardi is a maritime expert with cross-functional experience and a background in electro-technical studies, he joins the organisation from UNI Bateaux in Ajaccio, Corsica, where he was responsible for all sales and charter operations of motor yachts, catamarans, trawlers and NUC passenger boats.

Click here to read the press release: EN FR

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Green Navy, is a simplified joint-stock company, registered with the R.C.S. of Quimper (France) under number 878 256 296, with VAT number FR95878256296, with a capital share of 162.000 euros, domiciled Route de Port la Forêt 29940 La Forêt-Fouesnant , whose beneficial owners are M. Rafael Perez Martinez et M. Grégoire Lebigot.

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Email address of the Director odf Publication : [email protected]

Company telephone number : +33(0)6 4880 9652

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Green Marine

Headquartered near the sailing mecca of Southampton, U.K., luxury yacht builder Green Marine manufactures custom performance sailing yachts and superyachts.

History of Green Marine

Luxury yacht builder Green Marine was founded in 1982 with the mission of manufacturing high-performance sailing yachts from carbon fibre and other advanced composites. The shipyard has delivered monohull and catamaran sailing yachts that have competed in a wide variety of races, including the America’s Cup and Volvo Ocean series. Over the years, luxury yacht builder Green Marine has used its expertise in advanced composite construction to produce custom luxury yacht and superyacht hulls in collaboration with noted yacht designers. These yacht hulls go on to be fitted out by other shipyards including luxury yacht builder Wally and luxury yacht builder Vitters .

Notable Green Marine Yachts

In 2012, luxury yacht builder Green Marine delivered the advanced composite hull, deck, internal structure and other components of the 42.6M sailing superyacht Sarissa to Dutch luxury yacht builder Vitters for fitting out. Sarissa was designed by naval architect Bill Tripp . Luxury yacht builder Green Marine launched the 35M sailing superyacht Sojana in 2003. Noted naval architecture firm Farr Yacht Design is credited with designing Sojana .

Specialisations of Green Marine

Luxury yacht builder Green Marine specialises in high-tech yacht construction techniques utilising carbon fibre and other advanced lightweight composites. The shipyard also manufactures luxury yacht components.

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Mercedes Benz to recall 116,020 vehicles, US regulator says

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Strengthening partnership through patrol boats

18 March 2024

Timor-Leste will receive two Guardian-class patrol boats in 2024 as part of Australia’s regional Maritime Security Program.

The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) and Timor-Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) naval component have partnered together to prepare the NRDTL Aitana  and Laline crews for the patrol boat handover later this year.

Sea Training Group has facilitated the international training program utilising PT Paluma – a decommissioned RAN hydrographic survey vessel. 

The Aitana and Laline crews have each spent two months on board Paluma to consolidate their mariner skills and gain valuable experience at sea.

The highlight of the program was the promotion of Laline’s future Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Jacinto Nascimento, on board Paluma . 

At the request of F-FDTL’s naval Chief, Commodoro Higino das Neves, Australia’s Senior Naval Adviser to Timor-Leste, Commander Bill Triffitt, conducted the promotion ceremony. 

It marked a milestone for Lieutenant Nascimento, since his completion of the New Entry Officers’ Course at the Royal Australian Naval College in 2013. 

The event symbolised the warm relationship between Australia and Timor-Leste.

“This shows how important it is to strengthen the relationship between our two nations, because we have a longstanding friendship with a strong commitment to a safe and secure Australia and Timor-Leste region,” Lieutenant Nascimento said.

“I am grateful for the support provided by the Australian Government through the Defence Cooperation Program and the opportunity to train the F-FDTL crew members prior to receiving Aitana and Laline .”

RAN training systems officers utilised their expertise as training coordinators while living on board Paluma alongside the Timorese. 

Senior Training Coordinator Lieutenant Donald Parker said the crews trained hard and overcame a range of challenges that were expected when adjusting to life at sea. 

“To start with the fundamentals for operating a vessel, such as standard operating procedures, and reach the point where F-FDTL and RAN can jointly promote the commanding officer designate, symbolises the close bonds and the trust built by living together at sea,” Lieutenant Parker said.

“Through the execution of the program, RAN training systems officers continue to prove adaptive to develop solutions to meet the training needs of a foreign navy”.

The first F-FDTL crew are expected to commission Aitana  in 2024 .

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Protests, poisoning and prison: The life of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny

FILE - In this photo provided by the Moscow City Court, Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny makes a heart gesture standing in a cage during a hearing in Moscow, Russia on Feb. 3, 2021. Navalny is due to hear the verdict Friday Aug. 4, 2023 in his latest trial on extremism charges. The prosecution has demanded a 20-year prison sentence, and the politician himself said he expects a lengthy prison term. (Moscow City Court via AP, File)

FILE - Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny gestures as he stands behind a glass panel of a cage in the Babuskinsky District Court in Moscow, Russia, on Feb. 20, 2021. Navalny is due to hear the verdict Friday Aug. 4, 2023 in his latest trial on extremism charges. The prosecution has demanded a 20-year prison sentence, and the politician himself said he expects a lengthy prison term. (AP Photo/Alexander Zemlianichenko, File)

FILE - Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny looks at photographers from behind a glass cage in the Babuskinsky District Court in Moscow, Russia, on Feb. 20, 2021. Navalny due to hear the verdict Friday Aug. 4, 2023 in his latest trial on extremism charges. The prosecution has demanded a 20-year prison sentence, and the politician himself said he expects a lengthy prison term. (AP Photo/Alexander Zemlianichenko, File)

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LONDON (AP) — In a span of a decade, Alexei Navalny has gone from the Kremlin’s biggest foe to Russia’s most prominent political prisoner .

Already serving two convictions that have landed him in prison for at least nine years, he stands a new trial that could keep him behind bars for two more decades.

The verdict in the trial is due to be announced Friday in a makeshift courtroom in the Penal Colony No. 6, where Navalny is being held and where the trial took place behind closed doors, in the town of Melekhovo, about 230 kilometers (over 140 miles) east of Moscow.

Here’s a look at Navalny’s life, political activism and the charges he has faced through the years:

June 4, 1976 — Navalny is born in a western part of the Moscow region.

1997 — Graduates from Russia’s RUDN university, where he majored in law; earns a degree in economics in 2001 while working as a lawyer.

2004 — Forms a movement against rampant overdevelopment in Moscow, according to his campaign website.

2008 — Gains notoriety for alleging corruption in state-run corporations, such as gas giant Gazprom and oil behemoth Rosneft, through his blogs and other posts.

2010 — Founds RosPil, an anti-corruption project run by a team of lawyers that analyzes spending of state agencies and companies, exposing violations and contesting them in court.

2011 — Establishes the Foundation for Fighting Corruption, which will become his team’s main platform for exposing alleged graft among Russia’s top political ranks.

December 2011 — Participates in mass protests sparked by reports of widespread rigging of Russia’s parliamentary election, and is arrested and jailed for 15 days for “defying a government official.” March 2012 — Following President Vladimir Putin’s reelection and inauguration, mass protests break out in Moscow and elsewhere. Navalny accuses key figures, including then-Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov and Chechnya’s strongman leader, Ramzan Kadyrov, of corruption.

July 2012 — Russia’s Investigative Committee charges Navalny with embezzlement involving Kirovles, a state-owned timber company in the Kirov region, while acting as an adviser to the local governor. Navalny rejects the allegations as politically motivated.

December 2012 — The Investigative Committee launches another probe into alleged embezzlement at a Navalny-linked Russian subsidiary of Yves Rocher, a French cosmetics company. Navalny again says the allegations are politically motivated.

2013 — Navalny runs for mayor in Moscow — a move the authorities not only allow but encourage in an attempt to put a veneer of democracy on the race that is designed to boost the profile of the incumbent, Sergei Sobyanin.

July 2013 — A court in Kirov convicts Navalny of embezzlement in the Kirovles case, sentencing him to five years in prison. The prosecution petitions to release Navalny from custody pending his appeal, and he resumes his campaign.

September 2013 — Official results show Navalny finishes second in the mayor’s race behind Sobyanin, with 27% of the vote, after a successful electoral and fundraising campaign collecting an unprecedented 97.3 million rubles ($2.9 million) from individual supporters.

October 2013 — A court hands Navalny a suspended sentence in the Kirovles case. February 2014 — Navalny is placed under house arrest in connection with the Yves Rocher case and banned from using the internet. His blog continues to be updated regularly, presumably by his team, detailing alleged corruption by various Russian officials.

December 2014 — Navalny and his brother, Oleg, are found guilty of fraud in the Yves Rocher case. Navalny receives a 3 ½-year suspended sentence, while his brother is handed a prison term. Both appeal to the European Court of Human Rights.

December 2015 — Navalny’s Foundation for Fighting Corruption releases its first long-form video — a YouTube documentary called “Chaika,” which means “seagull” in Russian but is also the last name of then-Prosecutor General Yury Chaika. The 44-minute video accuses him of corruption and alleged ties to a notorious criminal group and has piled up 26 million views on YouTube. Chaika and other Russian officials deny the accusations.

February 2016 — The European Court of Human Rights rules that Russia violated Navalny’s right to a fair trial in the Kirovles case, ordering the government to pay his legal costs and damages.

November 2016 — Russia’s Supreme Court overturns Navalny’s sentence and sends the case back to the original court in the city of Kirov for review.

December 2016 — Navalny announces he will run in Russia’s 2018 presidential election.

February 2017 — The Kirov court retries Navalny and upholds his five-year suspended sentence from 2013.

March 2017 — Navalny releases a YouTube documentary accusing then-Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev of corruption, getting over 7 million views in its first week. A series of anti-graft protests across Russia draw tens of thousands and there are mass arrests. Navalny tours the country to open campaign offices, holds big rallies and is jailed repeatedly for unauthorized demonstrations.

April 27, 2017 — Unidentified assailants throw a green disinfectant in his face, damaging his right eye. He blames the attack on the Kremlin.

October 2017 — The European Court of Human Rights finds Navalny’s fraud conviction in the Yves Rocher case to be “arbitrary and manifestly unreasonable.”

December 2017 — Russia’s Central Electoral Commission bars him from running for president over his conviction in the Kirovles case, a move condemned by the EU as casting “serious doubt” on the election. July 2019 — Members of Navalny’s team, along with other opposition activists, are barred from running for Moscow city council, sparking protests that are violently dispersed, with thousands arrested. Navalny’s team responds by promoting the “Smart Voting” strategy, encouraging the election of any candidate except those from the Kremlin’s United Russia party. The strategy works, with the party losing its majority. 2020 — Navalny seeks to deploy the Smart Voting strategy during regional elections in September and tours Siberia as part of the effort.

Aug. 20, 2020 — On a flight from the city of Tomsk, where he was working with local activists, Navalny falls ill and the plane makes an emergency landing in nearby Omsk. Hospitalized in a coma, Navalny’s team suspects he was poisoned.

Aug. 22, 2020 — A comatose Navalny is flown to a hospital in Berlin.

Aug. 24, 2020 — German authorities confirm Navalny was poisoned with a Soviet-era nerve agent. After he recovers, he blames the Kremlin, an accusation denied by Russian officials.

Jan. 17, 2021 — After five months in Germany, Navalny is arrested upon his return to Russia , with authorities alleging his recuperation abroad violated the terms of his suspended sentence in the Yves Rocher case. His arrest triggers some of the biggest protests in Russia in years. Thousands are arrested.

Feb. 2, 2021 — A Moscow court orders Navalny to serve 2 ½ years in prison for his parole violation. While in prison, Navalny stages a three-week hunger strike to protest a lack of medical treatment and sleep deprivation.

June 2021 — A Moscow court outlaws Navalny’s Foundation for Fighting Corruption and about 40 regional offices as extremist, shutting down his political network. Close associates and team members face prosecution and leave Russia under pressure. Navalny maintains contact with his lawyers and team from prison, and they update his social media accounts.

Feb. 24, 2022 — Russia invades Ukraine . Navalny condemns the war in social media posts from prison and during his court appearances.

March 22, 2022 — Navalny is sentenced to an additional nine-year term for embezzlement and contempt of court in a case his supporters rejected as fabricated. He is transferred to a maximum-security prison in Russia’s western Vladimir region.

July 2022 — Navalny’s team announces the relaunch of the Anti-Corruption Foundation as an international organization with an advisory board including Francis Fukuyama, Anne Applebaum, and the European Parliament member and former Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt. Navalny continues to file lawsuits in prison and tries to form a labor union in the facility. In response, penitentiary officials start regularly placing him in solitary confinement over purported disciplinary violations such as failing to properly button his garment or to wash his face at a specified time.

2023 — Over 400 Russian doctors sign an open letter to Putin, urging an end to what it calls abuse of Navalny, following reports that he was denied basic medication after getting the flu. His team expresses concern about his health, saying in April he had acute stomach pain and suspected he was being slowly poisoned.

March 12, 2023 — “Navalny,” a film about the attempt on the opposition leader’s life, wins the Oscar for best documentary feature.

April 26, 2023 — Appearing on a videolink from prison during a hearing, Navalny says he was facing new extremism and terrorism charges that could keep him behind bars for the rest of his life. He adds sardonically that the charges imply that “I’m conducting terror attacks while sitting in prison.”

June 19, 2023 — The trial begins in a make-shift courtroom in the Penal Colony No. 6 where Navalny is being held. Soon after it starts, the judge closes the trial for the public and the media despite Navalny’s demand to keep it open.

July 20, 2023 — The prosecution in its closing arguments asks the court to sentence Navalny to 20 years in prison , the politician’s team reports. Navalny says in a subsequent statement that he expects his sentence to be “huge … a Stalinist term,” referring to the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin.

Litvinova reported from Tallinn, Estonia.

Russia ordered new defenses meant to stop its navy getting humiliated by Ukrainian drones

• Russia's defense minister visited the HQ of Russia's troubled Black Sea Fleet. 
• Ukraine has scored a series of striking victories, sinking powerful warships with sea drones.
• The Russian minister, Sergei Shoigu, announced plans meant to stop that happening again. 

Russia's defense minister, Sergei Shoigu, issued new orders on Monday meant to stop so many Russian ships from being sunk by Ukraine.

Russia's Defence Ministry on Sunday announced that Shoigu had visited the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in occupied Crimea.

There, Shoigu was updated on Ukrainian attacks on the fleet and ordered the fleet to conduct "training for personnel every day," the update said.

It was to cover "how to repel attacks from the air and by uncrewed boats," reported the AFP newswire.

He also ordered vessels to be fitted with extra weaponry, including large-caliber machine guns, to help repel attacks.

The visit comes in the wake of a series of audacious sea-drone and missile attacks by Ukraine that devastated the fleet.

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It is unclear whether the new measures will help — footage of a previous sea-drone attack showed Russians attempting to counter them without much success .

Ukraine claims to have sunk or disabled around a third of Russia's fleet, which was once the Black Sea's dominant naval power.

It has been an unusual bright spot for Ukraine, which is heavily outmatched by Russia on land and in the air.

The latest success came on March 6, when Ukraine said it used sea drones to sink the Sergei Kotov, a Russian patrol ship.

The sinking provoked the fury of Russian nationalist bloggers who accused the Kremlin of incompetence.

Mounting losses forced Russia to relocate vessels from Sevastopol to other, smaller ports on the Russian coast, such as Novorossiysk, which are further from the reach of Ukrainian drones and missiles.

The Kremlin is said to have fired the fleet's commanding officer in response to the defeats, in keeping with other times it has removed senior figures without announcing it formally.

Shoigu's visit appeared to be an attempt to shore up morale.

The Institute for the Study of War, a US think tank, assessed that Shoigu was setting himself up to either claim credit if the new measures prove successful or  "blame other commanders" should they fail.

Watch: Video of Russian naval ship explosion shows a much-needed win for Ukraine

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