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FORT Lauderdale

address : 617 SW 3rd Ave Fort Lauderdale, FL 33315

phone number: (954) 523-2815

Riviera Beach

address : 999 West 17th Street Unit #3 Riviera Beach, FL 33404

phone number: (561) 863-7100

Safe Harbor - Rybovich North Yard

address : 2101 Avenue C #11 & #12 Riviera Beach, FL 33404

phone number: 954-523-2815 x203 or 561-863-7100

MARINE ELECTRICAL PANELS AND SWITCHBOARDS

Custom-built marine switch panels.

Our commitment to quality is reflected in everything we manufacture. Every electrical panel, cable, and marine switchboard is assembled using state-of-the-art components by employees with decades of experience.

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Safe, simple, and scalable: Every Ward’s Marine Power Management system comes packed with advanced technologies that help your yacht instantly access the best power source for the task at hand.

MARINE ELECTRICAL PANEL PRODUCTION

We base our custom-designed electrical panels on your vessel’s specific electrical equipment and operational load requirements. Our inventory stocks all of the tools required to build your panel. Once complete, our ABYC-certified technicians can either install it or ship it to you pre-wired.

In need of a made-to-order marine switchboard? Our engraving department uses state-of-the-art CNC lasers and high-speed routers to cut, engrave and create custom electrical panels, marine switchboards, tags, and labels. We have the ability to work with materials as diverse as plastic, and aluminum, and stainless steel.

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Ask about our Ward’s Marine Electric line of power adapters, converters, cables, transformers, & more!

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Marine Electrical Panel Frequently Asked Questions

What is a custom marine switchboard.

Over the last few decades, electrical systems on yachts and sport fish boats have become highly advanced and modernized.  While basic switch panels are suitable for electrical distribution on smaller boats, yachts require a more sophisticated power distribution center.  That is the purpose of a custom marine switchboard.  Marine switchboards act is the brain and nerve center for large boats.  They take the main power generated from the vessel’s engines and generators and distribute it safely and efficiently throughout the boat, ensuring that all devices onboard have the power they need to operate reliably.  They also play a key role in the yacht’s emergency power system, ensuring that vital electrical components such as navigation lights and communication devices can still operate in the event of a power outage.

How often should I update my boat's electrical panel?

Generally speaking, boat electrical systems should be updated if they are over 20 years old.  Electrical systems in yachts are exposed to a much harsher environment than your home or office building due to the constant movement and exposure to saltwater corrosion.  In terms of electrical panels, a well-built distribution system can last a long time.  However, as you add more and more electrical components to your yacht over time, that distribution panel should be upgraded to support the additional power load.  If your unsure whether you should update your boat’s electrical panel or opt for a custom marine switchboard, consider getting a marine survey done.  A knowledgeable surveyor can assess the entire electrical system on your yacht and identify any potential problems that should be addressed.

How do I know if my vessel needs a custom marine electrical panel?

Custom marine distribution panels and switchboards are typically needed for larger boats that operate on both A/C and D/C power.  This includes sport fish boats, yachts, ships, and naval vessels.  If a boat has a generator, then it will typically need some sort of switchboard to handle the power distribution.  If a yacht has two generators as part of an emergency power system, then it will also need a second emergency switchboard to take over in the event of a power interruption.  Also, any boat that has recently installed additional electrical components may need an upgraded custom electrical panel.  A marine surveyor will be able to help you determine if an upgraded or custom electrical panel is needed on your boat if your are unsure. 

What is marine switchboard automation?

Marine switchboard automation refers to automation of certain electrical applications on large vessels.  There are several types of marine switchboard automations that could be advantageous to owners and operators of large boats, including:

Generator Automation

Many large vessels are equipped with two generators, one serving as the main power source for the boat’s electrical system and one on standby as a backup in case the first one fails.  With generator automation, a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) can be installed to balance the power load between the two generators if one is at or near capacity.  In the case that the electrical load onboard becomes too heavy for one generator, the switchboard can recognize this and turn on the second generator which will prevent overloading the primary generator.

Seamless Transfer to Shore Power

With shore power automation, a vessel can immediately and seamlessly transition to grid power without having to shut down or blackout the boat.  As soon as the shore power cable is plugged in, the vessel will automatically close the shore power circuit and switch off the generator simultaneously so there is no service interruption to the electronics onboard.

Blackout Recovery

In some ports, shore power can be shoddy and unreliable.  In the case when there is a service interruption or low voltage from the grid power source, the switchboard can recognize this and automatically turn the generator on so there is no interruption in power onboard the vessel.  When the grid power is restored, the switchboard automation will recognize this, shut down the generator and switch back to shore power simultaneously.

Does Ward's offer custom marine electrical panels outside of Florida?

Yes, our marine electrical engineers can design and build your marine electrical panel and ship it to you pre-wired and ready to install no matter where you are, including outside of the US.  Need help installing your custom switchboard on your boat? We will send out one of our expert marine technicians to install the custom switchboard anywhere you need.  It’s one of the many reasons why Ward’s is one of the most trusted marine electric companies around.  Call or fill out our contact form today to learn more!

Ward’s Marine Electric: Fort Lauderdale Marine Electrical Panels

Ward’s marine electric: riviera beach marine electrical panels.

address : 999 W 17th St # 3 Riviera Beach, FL 33404

hours of operation: Mon. – Fri. 8am – 4pm

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Marine Electrical Panels and Circuit Breakers

About Marine Electrical Panels & Circuit Breakers

Long lasting boat circuit breakers and paneling.

Having the right control panels for your boat's electrical system is half the battle. With our huge selection of switch panels, AC/DC distribution panels and circuit breaker panels, we've already fought the battle for you. Quality and dependability are genuine in marine electrical systems and components by brands such as Blue Sea Systems, Seachoice, Seadog, Ancor, Paneltronics and BEP. Shop now for the electrical distribution component to best fit your boating needs.

• Marine Switch Panels 6 items
• Marine Circuit Breakers 17 items
• Marine AC Distribution and Circuit Breaker Panels 8 items
• Marine Electrical Panel Labels and Accessories 7 items

TEL 425-774-7595

Victron Products

Electrical  Panels

Heritage Marine Electrical takes pride in creating custom solutions for your marine electrical system needs, including custom AC/DC panels, batteries, chargers, solar, inverters, system monitoring, and more. Heritage have been serving the marine industry for over twenty-five years, and is owned and operated by boaters, for boaters.

Our Bestsellers

Check out our office power system:.

MultiPlus-II 12/3000/120-50 120V

5 Slot Electrical Panel

Victron Energy Victron Isolation Transformer 3600W 115/230V, ITR040362041

8 Slot Electrical Panel

Victron Energy MultiPlus 12/2000/80-50 120V, PMP122200100 / PMP122200102

As the service manager at billings diesel and marine service i have worked with heritage panel graphics for over 20 years.  we have generally used their electrical panels on new construction and most large refits.  their ability to provide custom, high quality panels in a timely manner and at a fair price has made them my first choice for electrical panels.  the panels look very nice and the quality is top notch., greg sanborn, service manager, billings diesel and marine service, testimonials, “this space is reserved for your testimonial.. we love to hear from our customers. we pride ourselves on taking great care of you and your marine electrical needs. please let us know how we are doing and your testimonial will be placed here”, tom & paul, hpg everett, thanks to heritage panel graphics for their work building two panels for us at rodgers marine electronics.  a good customer wished to have his ac/dc panels updated onboard his 48’ tollycraft. heritage worked with us over the phone and came up with a design that exactly fit the space we had available.  their design allowed for more ac/dc breakers, backlit labels, and a switching system for the boat’s twin 50 amp shore power inlets. great job, rodgers marine, tim jenkins  , portland, or.

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• 1. Panel Buyer’s Guide
• 2. Switch Panel Options
• 3. Panel Material
• 4. Switch Label Options
• 5. Printed vs. Etched Switch Covers
• 7. Wiring Diagrams
• 8. Boat Wiring Basics
• 9. Before and After
• 10. LuxMatte
• Panel Projects

How To Wire (or re-wire) a boat

I know what you’re thinking.  “ How is this lunatic going to cover such a complex topic as – how to wire a boat – in one post? ”

Well – you’re right – We won’t be able to cover every situation, or every possible setup on every boat.  And if all this info is new to you, you’re probably best hiring a professional marine electrician to do it for you ( local install support directory ).  But, we’ll try anyway to explain some of the general theory and best practices in hopes it will help.

In this guide we’ll stick with the 12Vdc power distributions systems, as opposed to engine or gauge wiring.

A few notes before we start:

• Positive wires are red (in our guide, your boat may have other colors)
• Negative wires are black (or may be yellow on your boat)
• Current is measured in Amps (A)
• Potential difference is measured in Volts (V)
• Current flows through the wires (like water through a pipe).  Too much current can heat up the wiring to the point of starting a fire
• Voltage does not “flow” it is a measurement of potential to do work.  Like water pressure in a pipe

I’m in a hurry…

1. The Electrical Source: a Battery

In a boat, electricity is stored in one or more batteries.  The batteries are charged by your engine’s alternator or auxiliary battery charger.  They can hold an enormous amount of energy, capable of pushing hundreds, or even a thousand amps (more than your entire house uses)… so care must be taken, and proper circuit protection should not be ignored .

Greatly generalizing the topic here, but you usually run into two types of batteries in the size of boat we deal with:

• Starting Battery  – Has high current rush capacity
• Deep Cycle Battery – Capable of deep discharge without harm

The two setups we most often run into is:

• Single Engine – 1 starting, and 1 house battery
• Twin Engine – 2 starting, and 1 house battery

Every non-engine wire (EVERY ONE) should be circuit protected with a fuse or circuit breaker

Batteries have positive and negative.  For current to flow (which does the work) a complete circuit must be made from positive back to the negative.  Any break in the circuit anywhere will stop the load from operating (which you probably already know or you wouldn’t be reading this to try and fix your marine wiring issue).

A normal battery might be able to push 800A or more current

A normal battery might have 70-80AH (amp hours) of capacity. Meaning it can run a 1A load for 70 to 80 hours, or a 10A load for 7 to 8 hours before it is discharged.

So let’s get our boat wiring diagram started with our batteries!

Tip: (use the tabs to view and hide notes).

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2. main battery switch.

In nearly all cases your boat wiring system should have a marine-grade main battery disconnect switch .  This allows you to open the switch turning everything off at once.  In this case, We’ve shown a 1-2-BOTH type battery switch.

Both battery positives are running through this switch, and you can use it to select which battery you want to output, similar to an A-B switch.  But a 1-2-BOTH marine battery switch also allows you to parallel both batteries.  Both settings might be used when you are running your engine and want to charge both batteries from the alternator, or if you need to parallel the batteries in an emergency to help start your engine if your start battery becomes too depleted.

Remember to turn your battery switch to the “house circuit” when your engine is not running, so you are only drawing down your deep cycle house battery meant for that purpose.

we’ve changed the diagram a bit now to show the start battery running through our new marine battery switch

A Double Pole ON/OFF/COMBINE battery switch ( like this one ) is a great choice for a single-engine, two battery boat wiring system.  It allows your house and starts battery to remain isolated except for emergency conditions.

Used to shutoff everything and prevent trickle charges from draining your battery

3. Battery Switch Bypass Loads (Bilge Pump, etc)

It’s pretty standard in boat wiring to bypass the main battery switch for one thing:  The boat’s bilge pump float switch.  This way, even if your battery switch is off, if your boat starts filling with water the pump will still kick on.  I’d rather have a dead battery than a swamped boat.

Notice the fuse shown – this needs to be circuit protected with an inline fuse like this one .  I’m also showing the negative return wiring for the bilge pump in this step.

A stereo memory line might be another “bypassed” load

We have an in depth article here on how to wire a bilge pump … check that out as well for more details.

You’ll probably want to bypass your battery switch for this important load

“I have been thrilled with my new panel with a 3 foot harness. It looks great and using your tutorials I have been able to rewire my 10 year old center console. The support I received from New Wire Marine went above and beyond. Thank You!”

-Robert B. Bethesda, MD.

4. Get the Source to the Boat’s Helm

The next step is to get the power from the house battery up to the switch panel where we can use it to do some good.  Two conductors – a positive from the battery switch (with a fuse) and a negative from the ganged together battery negatives should be ran to where the central switch panel is.  You should use marine grade primary wire for this.

This is sometimes a long wiring run on a boat.  Plus these two conductors will carry the current of all your electrical loads combined, so they are typically fairly beefy cables.  Even a small boat (3-5 loads) we’d recommend at least 12AWG wire for this.  10AWG for larger boats (5-10 loads) is normal.  8AWG is getting toward over-kill in most cases for boats under 30ft.

Remember these are all generalities, there are many valid reasons to make exceptions

Keep in mind that the longer your wiring run from the battery to switch panel is, the more voltage drop you’ll have ( more about voltage drop ).  Prevent voltage drop by using larger cable.

The power cables will be run to your New Wire Marine custom marine switch panel and your tinned marine negative bus bar .  Most of our switch panels include waterproof resettable circuit breakers with all the connections pre-made to make them work, that’s how it is shown here.

Note, if you do not order circuit breakers in your boat switch panel you’d need to insert a fuse block before the panel, then individual conductors from each fuse to each panel (we really recommend including circuit breakers in your panel if you have space, it will really make your life easier installing and maintaining your new custom switch panel).

The main house battery positive conductor will feed directly into the new switch panel.  The main battery negative should go to a negative buss bar (like this one), where all your boat’s load negatives will eventually be attached.

Example of one of our  Switch Panels with Built in Circuit Breakers

Example negative bus bar.  Note, this is different than a terminal block  – all the screws are “bused” together.

“Excellent company and personnel! They asked the right questions and provided great solutions!” 

-Tre McC. Houston, TX

5. install terminal block as breakout point.

If you get your boat’s switch panel fully wired ( more on that here ), then you’ll have an easy to install wiring harness coming off pre-installed with heat shrink labels, and ring terminals.  This is meant to land on a terminal block like this one .

Each switch output gets its own gang on the terminal block, and with the labels right there it makes a handy breakout point for troubleshooting or adding items down the road.  These are the positives of course – the “switch legs” – and all that’s needed is to crimp a #8 ring terminal on the positive load wiring that runs out around your boat to the various loads.

We’re showing one output from the terminal block here for the manual bilge pump switch.  It’s shown in parallel with the float switch, so either switch can turn the pump on ( read more about bilge pump wiring here ).

(click to enlarge)

This is how one of our fully wired switch panels would interface with a terminal block.  With our heat shrink labels it’s easy to hook up your load wiring and troubleshoot.

“I have enjoyed working with the entire team, they have been super, just a great company to do business with.”

-Jim R. Vero Beach, FL

6. Run Load Wiring to the Terminal Block and Buss Bar

From here the rest of the wiring is straightforward.  Just hookup your existing boat wiring infrastructure to the terminal block and buss bar.  Positives to the terminal block, and negative to the bus bar.

Most are terminated with standard #8 ring terminals.  The positives of course must be installed on the correct gang associated with the respective switch for that load.  The negatives can go on any screw on the buss bar, they are just trying to get back to the negative post on the battery.

From here on our it’s just a + and – wire run to each load

Here is a tabbed step-by-step diagram for how to wire a boat

Battery switch, bilge float switch, main feeders, terminal block, load wiring, dig our boat wiring content.

We’ve got lots more cool boat wiring stuff to share! 

Signup below for the occasional interesting – not spammy – Boat Wiring tip email, and we’ll email you our complete 13-Page PDF with a bunch of schematics, tips, tricks and checklists to help with your re-wire project, and beyond!

Switches & Panels

Boat Battery Switches

Marine Busbars

Marine Circuit Breakers

Marine Fuse Blocks

Marine Ignition Switches

Marine Rocker Switches

Marine Toggle Switches

• Switch Panels

Blue Sea Reset-Only Push Button Circuit Breaker

Blue Sea Systems Reset-Only Push Button Circuit Breaker This Blue Sea Systems Push Button Circuit Breaker features a compact design that enables high density circuit protection configurations. This circuit breaker is ignition protected, so it is safe...

Blue Sea WeatherDeck Toggle Switch

Blue Sea WeatherDeck Toggle Switch Blue Sea WeatherDeck Toggle Switch is made from durable nickel played brass and phenolic non-corrosive construction to hold up in marine environments. Features: Specially manufactured by Carling Technologies for...

Blue Sea Reset-Only Push Button Circuit Breaker Boot

Blue Sea Systems Reset-Only Push Button Circuit Breaker Boot Use these Blue Sea Push Button Breaker Boots to replace a standard mounting nut for mounting on Thermal Push Button Circuit Breakers only. UV resistant material resists discoloration and...

Blue Sea Contura Black Rocker Switch

Blue Sea Contura Black Rocker Switch Blue Sea Contura Black Rocker Switch is water resistant and looks good on any boat. Made to be durable, this rocker switch holds up to thermoshock, moisture, vibration, salt spray and shock. Meets UL1500 and ISO8846...

Water Resistant Fuse Holder

Blue Sea Systems Panel Mount Water Resistant Fuse Holder Rated IP66 on front-protected against powerful water jets. Easy to open For use with AGC or MDL glass fuses Fuse sold separately Specifications: Maximum Amperage: 20A Mounting Hole...

Blue Sea LED Indicator

Blue Sea Systems LED Indicator 12/24V The Blue Sea Systems LED Indicator is easily installed in any Blue Sea Systems circuit breaker panel.  Simple push-in installation mounts in any thickness material Useful as general indicator and alarm...

Sea Dog Toggle Switch With Lighted Tip

Sea-Dog Light Tip Toggle Switch Sea Dog Light Tipped Toggle Switch is constructed of stamped brass, injection molded nylon, and polycarbonate for excellent durability in marine environments. Toggle bat features a lighted tip which illuminates white in...

Sea Dog Ignition Switch Key- Blank 420399

Sea Dog Ignition Switch Key- Blank Features: Used for Sea Dog Ignition Switches Will need to be cut to match current key; Not Pre-Cut Used to make a spare in the event that you lose the original.

Blue Sea Mini Battery Switch On/Off

Blue Sea Systems M Series (Mini) Battery Switch Blue Sea Systems Battery Switch switches a single battery to a single load group. Blue Sea's versatile case design allows for multiple mounting options: rear, front, or surface. This battery switch has a...

Sea Dog Toggle Switch

Sea Dog Toggle Switch Sea Dog Toggle Switch is made from durable stamped brass, injection molded nylon, and polycarbonate to hold up in marine environments. Features a locking ring with lever seal and protruding cap nut. Rated 15 Amps at 12 Volts DC...

Blue Seas Black Toggle Switch Boot

Blue Seas Black Toggle Switch Boot Blue Seas Black Toggle Switch Boot is made of UV resistant materials to increase resistance to discoloration and cracking. Rated IP67 temporary immersion for 30 minutes. Replaces dress nut for mounting on WeatherDeck...

Sea Dog Illuminating Marine Toggle Switch

Sea Dog Illuminating Marine Toggle Switch Sea Dog Illuminating Marine Toggle Switch is made of durable stamped brass and injection molded nylon to hold up in marine environments. Requires a 15/32" mounting hole and fits panels up to 1/4" thick. Easy to...

Sea Dog Dash Mount Fuse Holder w/ Screw Cap

Sea Dog Dash Mount Fuse Holder with Screw Cap Sea Dog panel mounted round Bakelite fuse holder with stamped brass contacts and a screw in cap. This fuse holder is used to provide over-current protection to help safeguard wiring in electrical circuits...

Sierra MP39760 Ignition Switch Replaces 0508180

Sierra MP39760 Ignition Switch for Johnson/Evinrude Outboards (3 Position Magneto) Sierra MP39760 is a replacement ignition switch for Johnson/Evinrude Outboards. Push to choke Maximum corrosion protection - eliminates oxidation Inner seal between...

Sea Dog Illuminating Contura Rocker Switch

Sea Dog Illuminating Contura Rocker Switch Sea Dog Illuminating Contura Rocker Switch is durable and looks good on any boat. Made from injected molded nylon and stamped brass with silver tin oxide contacts allowing this rocker switch to hold up to harsh...

Sea Dog Lighted Rocker Switch

Sea Dog Marine Lighted Rocker Switch Sea Dog Marine Lighted Rocker Switch is durable and looks good on any boat. When in the on position the switch (420441-1) lights up red. Operates on 15 Amps at 12 Volts DC.  Made from injected molded nylon and...

Sea Dog Brass Toggle Switch Waterproof Cap

Sea Dog Brass Toggle Switch Waterproof Cap Sea Dog Brass Toggle Switch is made from stamped brass for excellent durability and corrosion resistance. Rated 15 Amps at 12 Volts DC. Maximum panel thickness of 3/8".

Blue Sea Waterproof In-Line Fuse holder

For use with ATO or ATC fuses Supplied with 12 AWG pigtails 30A Maximum fuse amperage Fuse sold separately

Blue Sea e-Series Battery Switch Selector 4 Position

Blue Sea Systems e-Series Battery Switch Selector- 4 Position Features: Make-before-break contact design allows switching between battery banks without power interruption Ignition protected - safe for installation aboard gasoline powered boats Case...

Blue Sea 12 Circuit ST Blade Fuse Block w/ Negative Bus

Blue Sea Systems 12 Circuit ST Blade Fuse Block with Negative Bus Use the Blue Sea Systems ST Blade Fuse Block to consolidate branch circuits and in-line fuses. Blue Sea's ST Blade Fuse Block offers a space saving and cost effective solution to adding...

Boat Switches and Panels

Regardless of the age of your boat, electrical switches wear out from use, while many upgrades require additional power, necessitating an electrical panel upgrade as well. When you need replacement marine electrical switches or a new marine switch panel, come to us. For the best quality electrical parts, including quality boat switches from leading marine manufacturers, speak with one of our representatives. Wholesale Marine has a broad selection of on and offshore power components including:

• Accessory Boat Switches

Battery Switches

• Bilge Pump Switches
• Fuses, Breakers, & Blocks
• Hatch Lifts
• Ignition Switches

Accessory Marine Switches

Many boating accessories have marine electrical switches which are in constant use. When these show wear, replace them easily from Wholesale Marine’s great selection of accessory boat switches that includes Sea Dog Marine’s Push-Pull and Large Rocker or Toggle models. Blue Sea , Sierra , and TH Marine are more of the great brands you’ll find at Wholesale Marine.

These specialized marine switches are designed to cut-off power to the battery. This will not only prevent unauthorized use of your craft by modern-day pirates, but also prevent wasteful battery consumption when your boat is in dry dock or not in use for long periods. These switches are also intended for use in vehicles as well as boats and RVs. One of our popular switches is the multi-use Perko 250 Amp Battery Selector Switch for 12, 24 or 36 Volt Systems. You’ll find the leading brands including Perko , Sea Dog , Sierra, among others.

Marine Switch Panels

When it is time to upgrade your boat’s electrical panel, we have the best selection from Sea Dog, including the Five Wave Rocker Switch/Breaker Panel that resets easily while its nylon face is impervious to corrosion. Wholesale Marine truly has everything you and your marine technician require, including boat switches, to keep your craft well-maintained, and completely sea-worthy!

Wholesale Marine additionally offers a wide selection of in-stock electrical boxes and components. We have Rocker Switches to bring power to your devices, Watertight Circuit Breakers, Efficient Toggle Circuit Breakers, and much more. If you have questions about boat switches, marine switch panels, or wish to place an order, just give us a call Monday through Friday from 8:30 AM until 4:30 PM EST at (877) 388-2628. Remember to sign up for our Captain’s Club Rewards Program to earn discounts you can apply to future purchases. Call today!

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Marine Electrical Panels and Parts

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Marine Circuit Breakers, Fuses, Panels and Terminal Blocks overview

What is marine circuit protection.

All boats, regardless of size or sophistication, are required by regulation to have circuit protection on every positive wire outside of the engine starting circuit. If an electrical circuit is overloaded with excess current, the wire insulation can melt with a fire the likely outcome. Circuit breakers and fuses are designed to protect the wires in all main and branching electrical circuits.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS: Are an automatic safety switch that protects an electrical circuit from overload and subsequent catastrophic failure. Similar in function to a fuse, a circuit breaker can be reset after tripping. Marine circuit breakers are actuated magnetically or thermally and they also incorporate a manual switch that can be used to shut off specific circuits. Circuit breakers are typically grouped together as a cluster and mounted in a suitable breaker panel. Panel mounting of circuit breakers provides for an organized and easily serviced electrical system. Circuit breakers are designed to protect circuits- not equipment.

CIRCUIT BREAKER TYPES:

The Push Button Reset-Only Circuit Breaker is an economical choice when circuit switching is not needed or is operated in a different location. This style of circuit breaker is typically available in amperage ratings from 3 - 60A. The Reset-Only type is a "Trip-Free" design which means that it cannot be held ON during a fault current condition.

The Toggle Switch Circuit Breaker combines switching and circuit protection into a single unit. Single pole circuit breakers are typically used for protecting DC or AC branch circuits. Double pole circuit breakers are often used for 120 Volt AC Main circuit protection. Triple pole circuit breakers can be used for 240 Volt AC main circuit applications. This style of circuit breaker is also a "Trip-Free" design which means that it cannot be held ON during a fault current condition.

The Rocker Switch Circuit Breaker also combines switching and circuit protection into a single unit. The Rocker Switch style is available in Flat Rocker, Restricted OFF Rocker and Raised Rocker configurations. Single pole circuit breakers are typically used for protecting DC or AC branch circuits. Double pole circuit breakers are ofter used for 120 Volt AC Main circuit protection. This style of circuit breaker is also a "Trip-Free" design which means that it cannot be held ON during a fault current condition.

• Flat Rocker: Resists accidental switching by being flush in the ON position.
• Restricted OFF Rocker: Can only be switched to OFF by insertion of a small screwdriver into a slot.
• Raised Rocker: Resists accidental switching by being flush in the ON position.

The Residual Current Circuit Breakers (GFCI and ELCI) functions as a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) and as a Equipment Leakage Circuit Interrupter (ELCI). These devices provide protection for shore power connections (AC) and can reduce electrocution risks to persons on the boat, at the dock and in the water.

FUSES: Are another version of an automatic safety switch that protects an electrical circuit from overload and subsequent catastrophic failure. Similar in function to circuit breakers, fuses are designed fail when the current in the circuit exceeds the amperage rating of the fuse. The wire in the fuse melts and breaks the circuit leaving it in an open condition. Fuses are available in numerous styles and amperage ratings.

Panel mounting of fuses provides for an organized and easily serviced electrical system. Fuses are also found on most electronic devices either built into the housing or in the positive feed wire. Fuses are designed to protect circuits and equipment, if installed correctly. Generally fuses are available in lower range of amperage ratings making them ideal for protecting sensitive electronic equipment.

FUSE TYPES:

The glass-capsule fuse has been in use for many decades. Glass fuses generally consist of a glass tube with metal caps on both ends. A strip of metal joins the two caps and is visible through the glass tube. The metal strip is the actual fusible material - it is the sacrificial element that melts when the current draw exceeds the fuse rating. Glass fuses are sometimes thought to be "old-fashioned" - however, they are simple, reliable, low in cost and readily available. Glass fuse designations: AGA, AGC, GMA, MDL, SFE.

Advantages of the glass-fuse:

• Easy to find, spare fuses are inexpensive.
• Fuse condition is usually easy to see.
• Glass-fuse style fuse blocks are inexpensive as compared to circuit breaker blocks.

Drawbacks of the glass-fuse:

• Fuse length is often related to the amperage rating. It may not be possible to use a different amperage rated fuse in an existing fuse holder.
• A special tool is needed when removing fuses from a fuse panel without breakage.
• It is possible for the metal strip to melt inside the cap where it is not easily seen.
• Fuse ratings are typically marked on the metal caps. It is often necessary to remove the fuse from the block to read the markings.
• Constructed from glass, this style of fuse somewhat fragile- handle and store with care.

Blade type fuses (also called spade or plug-in fuses), are constructed with a transparent plastic body and two flat blades that fit into fuse block sockets. They are typically found in automotive and marine applications. Each fuse is printed with the Rated Current in Amperes on the top. The plastic body is conveniently color coded to further identify the amperage rating. These types of fuses come in four different physical dimensions: low-profile mini (APS), mini (APM / ATM), regular (APR / ATC / ATO), and maxi (APX) heavy-duty. Blade type fuses are rugged, compact and easily replaced without tools.

Advantages of the Blade-fuse:

• Easy to inspect. Test points are built in.
• Fuse amperage ratings are clearly printed on the end.
• Color coding visually confirms amperage ratings.
• Can be stored and handled without breakage.
• Less expensive than circuit breakers.

Disadvantages of the Blade-fuse:

• Must be pulled from the fuse block for inspection.
• More costly than glass fuses.
• Fuse blocks are more expensive than glass types.

Typical Amperage Color coding of ATM, ATO/ATC Blade-fuses:

• Gray: 2 amp
• Violet: 3 amp
• Pink: 4 amp
• Brown: 7.5 amp
• Red: 10 amp
• Blue: 15 amp
• Yellow: 20 amp
• Clear: 25 amp
• Green: 30 amp

Other common Fuse designations and features

MIDI or AMI Fuses: A compact fuse for main or branch circuit protection.

• Clear window offers visible indication of blown condition.
• Color-coded for easy amperage identification.
• Interrupting Capacity: 5,000A
• Maximum Operating Voltage: 32V DC

MRBF Terminal Fuses (Marine Rated Battery Fuse): A space-saving ignition protected fuse for 30 to 300 Ampere loads. Must be used with a matching Terminal Fuse Block.

• High interrupt Rating satisfies ABYC requirements for DC Main circuit protection on large battery banks.
• Interrupting Capacity: 10,000A @ 14V DC; 5,000A @ 32V DC; 2,000A @ 58V DC
• Maximum Operating Voltage: 58V DC

MEGA or AMG Fuses: Used with matching MEGA or AMG fuse blocks for an economical system for 100 to 300 Ampere circuit protection.

• Interrupting Capacity: 2,000A

Class T Fuses: Used with matching Class T fuse blocks for circuit protection of devices including converters.

• Interrupting Capacity: 20,000A
• Maximum Operating Voltage: 160V DC
• Extremely fast short-circuit response
• Recommended by inverter manufacturers
• The only UL 248-15 listed fuse commonly available in the marine industry.

ANL Fuses: Used with matching ANL Fuse Blocks for many applications with 35-750 Ampere loads.

• Interrupting Capacity: 6,000A
• Silver-plated connector blades for corrosion resistance.
• Visible indication of blown condition.
• Lower cost than Class T Fuses.
• Available in a wider amperage range than Class T Fuses.
• Ignition protected - safe for use aboard gasoline powered boats.

A well designed electrical system incorporates circuit breakers and fuses in order to protect the electrical wiring circuits along with the equipment connected to it.

NOTE: The U.S. Coast Guard and other regulatory agencies require all circuits, except the starting circuit, to be protected with a circuit breaker or a fuse.

Power Distribution Panels

Power Distribution Panels are at the heart of a boat's electrical system. Current flows from a power source to a panel and is distributed to various loads throughout the boat. Most panels provide switching functions along with circuit protection (fuses and or circuit breakers).

CIRCUIT BREAKER PANELS: Are available assembled and wired from the manufacturer with an array of circuit breakers, panel meters, indicator lights, battery switches, switch labels, etc. These fabricated panels are offered in a wide variety of configurations, sizes and voltages (DC, AC, or both).

FUSE SWITCHING PANELS: Are available assembled and wired from the manufacturer with an array of fuses, switches, indicator lights, switch labels, etc. These fabricated panels are offered in a wide variety of configurations, sizes and voltages (DC).

ABOVE DECK PANELS: Are ruggedly designed for exposure to the elements. Available with fuses or circuit breakers these waterproof panels are typically installed in open helm applications.

BELOW DECK PANELS: Are available with fuses or circuit breakers and are suitable for use as extensions to existing panels or as replacements. These panels are not for use above decks or in exposed locations.

CONNECTORS and INSULATORS

• Terminal Blocks: Also known as barrier strips, terminal blocks connect wiring harnesses together without the need to make permanent splices. Terminal blocks also can be used to terminate multi-conductor cables which can then be split off to service separate loads. In marine applications terminal blocks are ideal for interior and navigational lighting systems. Terminal blocks make it easier to service wiring connections and more convenient to add a another branch to a circuit. It is a good practice to install a larger terminal block with a few empty spaces to allow for future added circuits. Each screw is connected electrically to the adjacent screw. Barriers between screw pairs isolate and insulate each wiring connection from the next. Terminal block jumpers simplify combination of separate circuits. Typically, terminal blocks are used for lower amperage connections.
• Busbars: Are typically used in higher amperage circuit applications. Busbars can be utilized to distribute positive wires or to collect negative return wires. Some busbars are designed to handle both positive and negative circuits. Many busbars incorporate an insulating or protective cover to prevent accidental contact or short circuits. Most busbars feature multiple connections that simplify power distribution circuits.
• Powerposts: Are similar to busbars in that they are typically used in higher amperage circuit applications. Powerposts feature a large stud that is designed for multiple heavy duty battery cable connections. In some configurations, powerposts may include terminal screws that accept smaller wire connections. Powerposts are usually more compact than busbars making them ideal for applications where access is tight.

Marine Electrical Resources

Boatowner's Mechanical and Electrical Manual 3rd Edition , by Nigel Calder, is an excellent resource and an essential troubleshooting guide for any boater, from the extreme novice to seasoned veteran. If it is on a boat and has screws, wires, or moving parts, it is covered in the Boatowner's Mechanical and Electrical Manual. Nigel Calder provides comprehensive advice on: battery technologies, 12 and 24 volt DC systems, corrosion, bonding & lightning protection, generators, inverters, battery chargers, electric motors, electric lights, marine electronics, antennas, RFI, diesel engines, transmissions, shaft brakes, and propellers.

Electrics Companion , by Pat Manley, will help you figure out how much energy you are consuming and how much each item uses per day. Most of the equipment we 'switch on' consumes electricity, even the panel lights and voltmeter all add up. Author Pat Manley's guide will help you understand your battery capacity and charging requirements.

Simple Boat Electrics , by John Myatt, contains all the information needed to troubleshoot 12-volt electrical systems. It explains how to locate a fault, correct the problem when you can, or adopt a "get-you-home" solution if you can't. Provides some basic theory so you can understand what you're doing with a special emphasis of seamanlike practice of anticipating and preventing trouble.

Arco Electrical Technical Manual , is packed with information to help you become more proficient in servicing sophisticated marine electrical systems. The Arco Electrical Technical Manual explains the fundamentals of troubleshooting electrical systems. Written in easy to read style with lots of illustrations and examples. Written by mechanics for mechanics.

12 Volts Made Easy - DVD , is a nuts and bolts 12 volt electrical systems primer that is presented in a clear and easy manner. Subjects covered include: basic electrical theory, circuits, battery maintenance, basic wiring diagrams, controls, transducers, recharging, marine components, lights, motors, troubleshooting, basic repairs, installations, and more. Running Time: 60 minutes.

The 12 Volt Sailor - DVD , will help you to learn how to design and build an efficient electrical system for any vessel. This program illustrates how to integrate the radar, watermakers, windlasses, single side band radios, auto pilots, and GPS devices into any D.C. System. Running Time: 45 minutes.

Need help or have questions? The FAQs in our Help Center cover most account, order, or product-related topics. Click to call or chat with our Total Support Team.

40 Facts About Elektrostal

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 01 Jun 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy , materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes , offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development .

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy , with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

Elektrostal's fascinating history, vibrant culture, and promising future make it a city worth exploring. For more captivating facts about cities around the world, discover the unique characteristics that define each city . Uncover the hidden gems of Moscow Oblast through our in-depth look at Kolomna. Lastly, dive into the rich industrial heritage of Teesside, a thriving industrial center with its own story to tell.

The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

<< Previous page

Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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• Electric Vehicles

EV Charging vs. Gas: We Used Math to Find Which Is Cheaper

There's an ongoing Reddit debate between electric vehicles and gas-powered cars. After asking a few experts and doing some math, we can tell you which one's cheaper.

Based on US averages using these data sources:  

• Environmental Protection Agency  (2024)
• Bureau of Transportation Statistics  (2021)
• Department of Energy  (2024)
• US Energy Information Administration  (2023)

We combed through popular social media platforms like Reddit  and  TikTok  and found that the cost of EV charging versus gasoline is a hot debate right now. 

One  Reddit user said  they now spend $70 more on their electricity bill from at-home charging compared with $330 a month in gas previously. Some Reddit users argued against the actual savings. One naysayer, for example, said they think public supercharging is expensive and time-consuming, and another said the cost of installing their home EV charger negated any savings.   

Lowering their fuel costs may be the main reason the EV-curious think about going all-electric in the first place. In June 2022, gas prices hit a record high, averaging more than $5 a gallon nationwide, and although gas prices have fallen by 26%, to around $3.70, as of May, the volatility has many drivers looking at alternatives, such as EVs or hybrids . 

Is that why some EV drivers proudly show off their "GAS LOL" and "NO GAS" vanity plates? Maybe EV drivers know something we don't. We decided to ask industry experts if it's cheaper to charge your  electric vehicle  than to fill a gas tank. The verdict is, based on averages, EV charging wins out. 

The price of gasoline is volatile and, in some areas, expensive.  Electricity also varies in price , but "it's significantly cheaper" than gasoline, said  Anastasia Boutziouvis , solution product manager at ChargePoint , a company that operates the world's largest network of EV charging stations in North America and Europe. That means recharging an EV likewise tends to be significantly less expensive than topping off a gas-powered car's fuel tank.

We'll show you -- using math -- how much cheaper charging an EV actually is compared to an ICE (internal combustion engine) car. 

We do the math: Comparing EV charging to filling a gas tank

When considering the costs of fueling or charging an electric car versus a gas car, the differences are stark and fairly obvious. EVs are propelled by electricity and utilize batteries to store that electricity, which needs to be recharged. 

Gas-powered cars , or those outfitted with internal combustion engines are fueled by gasoline, and drivers need to have gas in the vehicle's fuel tank to drive. 

Using averages from government data sources, we do the math and map out for you all the charging and fueling costs side by side in a month's time. 

These calculations use US driving averages for both EVs and ICE cars in data points such as fuel economy, miles driven, cost of electricity and gasoline, power needed for the average EV and more. You could drive a lot more (or less), and accordingly, see your fuel costs vary as well.

EV charging costs vs. fuel costs (US averages)

Monthly cost of charging an EV

The cost to fuel or charge an EV depends on several factors, but the cheapest way to do it is to charge your EV at home , during off-peak hours. In other words, charging your EV overnight with an at-home charging setup is likely the least costly way to recharge, and in some areas, may only cost a buck or two -- a fraction of the price of a gallon of gas.

Boutziouvis said that "at a high level, what we're seeing is that the costs are about one-half or one-third of the costs of a gas-powered car" in terms of getting a "full tank," so to speak.

It can, she said, cost a few dollars, on average, to recharge an EV. Assuming, though, that you're charging your EV at home using your own charger, the price of doing so really boils down to what you pay for electricity. "It's totally based on local utility rates , and those vary across the US," she said. 

Overall charging cost may also depend on whether you have a fixed-rate or variable electric rate or how your chosen energy plan outlines  its time-of-use rates throughout the day.

Sometimes EV drivers like to show off that they don't have to pay for expensive gasoline. 

The cost of EV charging at home vs. public EV charging 

Another critical thing that EV owners need to consider is the difference in costs between charging at home versus charging in public. If you don't have a charger or the ability to charge your EV at home , you'll need to do it somewhere else. There are public charging stations in many places such as retail parking lots -- here's an in-depth guide to where you can charge for free .

Yes, at-home charging tends to be cheaper, although there can be upfront costs when installing an EV charger, and possibly upgrading your home's electrical system.

Home charging costs 

The costs of charging at home will, as noted, depend on what you pay for electricity , which will vary depending on where you live. Electricity tends to be more expensive in Hawaii, New England and California, and less expensive in western and Midwestern states, such as North Dakota, Utah and Washington. The nationwide average is around 16 cents per kilowatt hour.

Another thing to keep in mind is that some states with deregulated energy markets -- more commonly known as energy choice markets -- may have additional incentives available to EV drivers. Some states "offer really cool plans where they'll give you [EV] charging for free," said Boutziouvis. Or, she said, certain energy providers may offer incentives that are "almost like a cellphone plan, with unlimited charging for $20 per month" or something similar. 

Read more :  You Can Choose Your Electricity Provider in These States With Deregulated Markets

Those plans or incentives vary from state to state. In Texas, for example, TXU Energy and Gexa offer energy plans designed to entice EV drivers with free charging periods.

One other thing is that you may be able to use smartphone apps to schedule EV charging during off-peak hours, or when electricity rates are the cheapest (usually overnight), to save more money.

Public charging costs

As for public charging, Boutziouvis said there are "different ways to price it," as most public charging stations are independently owned and pricing is, thus, up to the owner. Tesla is a notable example. It has its own fleet of charging stations, and in addition to the cost of electricity, it  charges 50 cents per minute  in "idle fees" to encourage you to drive away and free up chargers for other users.

Aside from Tesla chargers, other stations typically charge either a flat rate, a fee based on consumption or a fee based on the amount of time an EV driver uses the charger, Boutziouvis said. The costs are determined by local electricity rates plus any applicable fees or markup that the charger's owner implements. 

But there are also two "levels" or types of charging to know about, too, which are AC and DC, or level 2 and level 3 charging (more on this below). Effectively, DC charging is much faster, and likely more expensive at a public charging station. "DC charging could be $10 to $30 per session," Boutziouvis said, and takes 20 or 30 minutes to recharge a battery from 0% to 80%. Conversely, "AC public charging could be a couple of bucks," she said.

"Two to three hours gets you enough range to get back on the road," said CNET's 16-year car and EV expert, Antuan Goodwin . "A true full charge at Level 2 could take 6 to 12 hours depending on your car and the charging station." This is why Goodwin recommends the practice of fully charging your EV overnight at home. "That's usually the cheapest, most convenient option," he said. 

Put another way: The faster the charger, the more expensive it's going to be. You could also find free public charging at some locations.  

The cost of level 2 vs. level 3 charging

So the difference between level 2 (AC) and level 3 (DC) charging mostly involves speed, and how much electricity is moving through a charger and into an EV's battery. 

Level 2 charging 

Level 2 charging "is what you'd find in your house," said Boutziouvis, and usually delivers between 7 and 11 kilowatts to an EV's battery. That might get the typical EV 30 or 40 miles of range if they charge for a couple of hours. Given that the charging is slower, it may cost a few dollars to charge your EV at a level 2 public charging station. Some public EV charging stations are even free . 

Level 3 charging 

Level 3 or DC fast-charging , on the other hand, delivers between 50 and 350 kilowatts within the same time frame. Given that many, if not most, EV homeowners charge at home and overnight, it's typically not practical to have a level 3 charging setup at home, so these chargers are generally found in public locations. Given that they're faster, it may cost between $10 and $30 to charge at one, as Boutziouvis mentions.

The costs of EV home charging equipment 

Charging your EV at home may be the cheapest way to refill the battery, but getting a charger hooked up can be a relatively big expense. 

The cost really hinges on whether your at-home electrical setup can handle the addition of a charger. If not, you may need an electrician to replace your electrical panel (the breaker box is likely located in your basement). That can be expensive, again, depending on where you live and other factors. 

Assuming you don't need an upgrade, Boutziouvis said a charger installation could cost around $700, and the costs may vary depending on how physically far away from your electrical panel the charger is. More distance means higher costs, as more materials are required. If you do need an upgraded electrical setup, a new electrical panel can cost a few thousand dollars.

Note that there are tax credits and incentives available for home-charging installation costs. For instance, there's a federal tax credit of 30% of hardware and installation costs up to $1,000, which was put into effect as a part of the Inflation Reduction Act. There may be some utility discounts and incentives, too. Duke Energy, for instance, provides a one-time credit of more than $1,100 per charger in some areas.

A good rule of thumb: If you plan on shopping around for a charger , check with multiple companies, check with your utility for credits and rebates and explore all applicable tax incentives to ensure you get the best deal.

Read more : Best Home EV Chargers

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China asks for WTO panel challenging US electric vehicle subsidies

By Ari Hawkins, Doug Palmer | 07/17/2024 06:13 AM EDT

The request escalates a dispute over the Inflation Reduction Act and comes as the World Trade Organization prepares to hold its periodic review of China’s trade policies.

China is escalating a dispute with the United States over its law to accelerate the electric vehicle transition. Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images

China has requested the World Trade Organization establish a panel to settle a dispute over U.S. electric vehicle subsidies as part of the Biden administration’s Inflation Reduction Act , after the two sides failed to reach a negotiated solution, a spokesperson for China’s Ministry of Commerce said Monday.

Beijing requested consultations in March with the United States over Biden’s signature climate change law, marking the first step of the dispute process. WTO rules required China and the United States to hold talks on the dispute during a 60-day consultation period before Beijing could take the next step of requesting a panel to adjudicate the dispute.

“Due to the failure of the United States to reach a solution through consultation with China, on July 15, China submitted a request to the WTO to set up an expert group,” a MOFCOM spokesperson said , per an informal translation.

China has challenged the Inflation Reduction Act’s EV tax subsidies , as well as four tax credits related to renewable energy. Beijing has argued that the law violates WTO rules because, among other reasons, its regional requirements for production “artificially sets trade barriers” while also pushing “up the cost of green energy transformation.”

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Electric boats

Electric boat.

• Flux Marine
• Scout Boats

Flux Marine unveils 100% electric center console boat with a hull from Scout and DC fast charging

Outboard motor and battery specialist Flux Marine has introduced a new center console boat package to its lineup to help further electrify the industry. The package combines Flux’s 100% electric propulsion system with a hull from Scout boats to deliver a vessel that can travel 30 mph and replenish on a DC fast charger.

Flux Marine is a company based in Bristol, Rhode Island that specializes in all-electric outboard motors and marine-grade batteries to power them. Additionally, Flux offers customers boat packages that implement its propulsion technology onto existing vessels.

To date, the company has unveiled an all-electric dual console boat option that includes a Scout Dorado 215 hull and a Rigid Inflatable Boat (RIB) package with the help of Highfield. Today, Flux Marine has announced a third entry in its new electric boat lineup, which once again includes a hull from Scout Boats.

Check out the Electric Scout 215 XSF.

Flux to sell Scout 215 XSF electric boat later this year

Flux shared details of its new electric boat package today, which consists of a 21′ 6″ center console hull from Scout that is powered by its own electric outboard motor and a 84 kWh marine-grade lithium-ion battery pack.

The result is a 100% electric day boat with room for nine passengers designed for cruising and coastal fishing at sea. The Scout 215 XSF offers a top power output of 150 hp (112 kW) and 100 hp (72 kW) of continuous power. It can cruise at 25 mph, reach a top speed of 30 mph, and offer a top range of up to 30 miles (26 knots) at cruising speeds. Per Flux Marine CEO Ben Sorkin:

The idea behind Flux Marine is to provide a better, more efficient method of boat propulsion. Our 100 hp outboard hits the sweet spot, capable of propelling a 22 ft boat like the Scout XSF for almost any activity on the water. Our goal is to evoke excitement and innovation while ensuring users feel comfortable with what’s powering their boat.

A huge bonus in the all-electric Scout XSF center console boat is its ability to charge via AC or DC plugs when docked. Flux says the vessel can recharge from 20-80% in 7.5 hours on an AC plug (110-, 220-, or 240-volt) or as quickly as 1.5 hours using a DC fast charger.

In addition to the powertrain and battery pack, Flux has integrated the Scout boat with its own designed throttle, UI, and mobile companion app. Flux’s software will help future boat owners monitor and manage their speed and range from the helm, complete with live updates on an integrated Garmin chartplotter.

The all-electric Scout XSF center console boat starts at $120,000 and joins the Scout Dorado 215 and Highfield RIBs in the lineup. All are set to go on sale directly to consumers later this year.

FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.

Scooter Doll is a writer, designer and tech enthusiast born in Chicago and based on the West Coast. When he’s not offering the latest tech how tos or insights, he’s probably watching Chicago sports. Please send any tips or suggestions, or dog photos to him at [email protected]

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What We Know About the Global Microsoft Outage

Airlines to banks to retailers were affected in many countries. Businesses are struggling to recover.

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By Eshe Nelson and Danielle Kaye

Eshe Nelson reported from London and Danielle Kaye from New York.

Across the world, critical businesses and services including airlines, hospitals, train networks and TV stations, were disrupted on Friday by a global tech outage affecting Microsoft users.

In many countries, flights were grounded, workers could not get access to their systems and, in some cases, customers could not make card payments in stores. While some of the problems were resolved within hours, many businesses, websites and airlines continued to struggle to recover.

What happened?

A series of outages rippled across the globe as information displays, login systems and broadcasting networks went dark.

The problem affecting the majority of services was caused by a flawed update by CrowdStrike , an American cybersecurity firm, whose systems are intended to protect users from hackers. Microsoft said on Friday that it was aware of an issue affecting machines running “CrowdStrike Falcon.”

But Microsoft had also said there was an earlier outage affecting U.S. users of Azure, its cloud service system. Some users may have been affected by both. Even as CrowdStrike sent out a fix, some systems were still affected by midday in the United States as businesses needed to make manual updates to their systems to resolve the issue.

George Kurtz, the president and chief executive of CrowdStrike, said on Friday morning that it could take some time for some systems to recover.

How a Software Update Crashed Computers Around the World

Here’s a visual explanation for how a faulty software update crippled machines.

What was affected?

It is more apt to ask what was not affected. Everything from airlines to banks to health care systems in many countries was hit.

In Australia, passengers were stuck in long lines at Sydney airport as information screens went blank, and programming was disrupted at the national broadcaster. Airports in Britain, Germany and Taiwan had long delays at check-ins and flights were delayed or canceled. At an airport in South Korea, handwritten boarding passes were being slowly handed out.

How the airline cancellations rippled around the world (and across time zones)

Share of canceled flights at 25 airports on Friday

50% of flights

Ai r po r t

Bengalu r u K empeg o wda

Dhaka Shahjalal

Minneapolis-Saint P aul

Stuttga r t

Melbou r ne

Be r lin B r anden b urg

London City

Amsterdam Schiphol

Chicago O'Hare

Raleigh−Durham

B r adl e y

Cha r lotte

Reagan National

Philadelphia

1:20 a.m. ET

Flights continued to be disrupted at some U.S. airports into the morning because of the cascading effect of flight delays and cancellations. The Federal Aviation Administration said in a statement that ground stops and delays would be “intermittent” at some airports as airlines grapple with residual technology issues.

The outage affected emergency 911 lines in multiple states, the U.S. Emergency Alert System said on social media — but most if not all of the emergency system problems appeared to be resolving themselves by midmorning.

A few hospitals in Germany said they would cancel elective procedures; and in Britain, some doctors in the National Health Service were unable to gain access to systems. Kaiser Permanente, a medical system that provides care to 12.6 million members in the United States, said all of its hospitals’ systems were affected, and it activated backup systems to keep caring for patients.

At some banks, including JPMorgan Chase, there were delays in processing trades because bankers could not log into their work systems. TD Bank, the 10th largest in the United States, said customers complained that they could not access their online accounts.

But the problems were not uniform. London’s Heathrow Airport said that its flights were still operating. The London Stock Exchange said that it could not publish news updates but the exchange, where trades take place, was working as normal. The auction system at the Norwegian central bank was briefly interrupted, but other major central banks, the European Central Bank and Bank of England, said there was no effect on their systems.

In some cases, issues were resolved relatively quickly. In Ukraine, Sense Bank and the mobile operator Vodafone reported brief problems with their services. At Dubai International Airport, two airlines switched to alternative systems, allowing operations to resume.

Major grocery chains in the United States appeared largely unaffected, with most stores operating as usual. But the world’s biggest logistics companies, including United Parcel Service and FedEx, did report disruptions, causing delivery delays in some regions. A spokesman for UPS said the company’s computer systems in the United States and Europe were affected.

Who’s to blame?

Mr. Kurtz said CrowdStrike took responsibility for the software bug, sent in a system update, that caused the outage. He said in a post on X that Mac and Linux users were not affected.

The incident was not a cyberattack, Mr. Kurtz said, adding that customers remain “fully protected.” But Mr. Kurtz warned on NBC’s “Today” show that the fix could take some time to put in place.

“We understand the gravity of the situation and are deeply sorry for the inconvenience and disruption,” Mr. Kurtz said. Microsoft offered suggestions to users to help resolve the issue, including restoring backup systems.

While CrowdStrike is at fault for the software bug, J.J. Guy, chief executive of cybersecurity company Sevco, said poor resiliency of Microsoft’s operating system is to blame for extent of the damage.

“Bugs happen all the time and are unavoidable, the result of business complexity and technology,” Mr. Guy said. “But this became a catastrophic incident because of the remediation procedures. The resiliency of the operating system was not sufficient to mitigate the risk of that.”

Microsoft did not immediately respond to requests for comment on its operating system. The company’s chief executive, Satya Nadella, said in a post on X that Microsoft is working with CrowdStrike to offer customers technical guidance and bring systems back online.

Eshe Nelson is a reporter based in London, covering economics and business news for The New York Times. More about Eshe Nelson

Danielle Kaye is a business reporter and a 2024 David Carr Fellow, a program for journalists early in their careers. More about Danielle Kaye

Connecticut News | A CT company is hiring thousands of workers. A…

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Connecticut news | authorities id men who died after jumping off boat at candlewood lake, leading to multi-day search, connecticut news, subscriber only, connecticut news | a ct company is hiring thousands of workers. a coalition wants to broaden job opportunities across state..

The jobs discussion is part of the Navy’s multi-billion dollar drive to accelerate shipyard production and replace its aging submarine fleet in the face of aggressive Chinese naval expansion in the Indo-Pacific and evolving security threats elsewhere.

The jobs and production push already has resulted in a remarkable workforce expansion at Electric Boat’s shipyards in Groton and Quonset Point, R.I. Electric Boat, a division of General Dynamics, hired and trained more than 5,000 over each of the last two years and another 2,500 ove the first six months of 2024.

With the prospect of billions of dollars of Virginia and Columbia class submarine contracts extending for decades, Electric Boat said it plans to continue hiring at the same rate for the foreseeable future.

Discussion of the  jobs and training program, which will be known as Hire Hartford, will be hosted at the Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology in East Hartford by U.S. Reps. John Larson and Joe Courtney, an influential voice in naval affairs as ranking member of the House Armed Services Committee ’s seapower subcommittee.

In attendance will be representatives of the Navy’s Submarine Industrial Base Team, Electric Boat, local companies involved in the submarine construction supply chain and state affiliated training and jobs placement organizations.

The program has the potential to provide hundreds of skilled, high-paying and long-term manufacturing jobs to Hartford area workers. The jobs and training plan is expected to be similar to a model the Navy used in Providence and will likely involve a partnership with technical high schools, something already underway in southeastern Connecticut.

With an ‘incredible appetite’ for labor: Electric Boat recruits locally, eyes Hartford and New Haven

“The conference is a recognition by the Navy and industry that we have just got to start widening the recruitment radius into the Hartford region,” Courtney said. “They did that in Rhode Island about 18 months ago with Project Providence and that helped at Quonset in terms of getting more workers.”

General Dynamics Electric Boat handout

A welder at Electric Boat.

Michael McAndrews / Hartford Courant

Rep. Joe Courtney in February 2020 in Mystic at a legislative update organized by General Dynamics Electric Boat. Michael McAndrews | Special to the Hartford Courant

SEAN D. ELLIOT/AP

The Thames Towboat Co. tugs Patricia Ann, left, John P. Wronowski, back, and John Paul ease the Virginia-class attack submarine PCU Oregon (SSN 7793) from its berth in the south yard at General Dynamics Electric Boat, Thursday, December 16, 2021, in Groton, Conn., after the submarine departs for sea trials. The Oregon, designated Pre Commissioning Unit because it has not been taken into service by the Navy yet, is the 20th vessel in the class. (Sean D. Elliot/The Day via AP)

BOB CHILD / AP

The Virginia, the nation's newest and most advanced nuclear attack submarine, sits in a graving dock at the shipyard of Electric Boat Division, General Dynamics Corp., in Groton, Conn., Saturday, Aug. 16, 2003. The submarine was christened by sponsor Lynda Johnson Robb, daughter of former president Lyndon B. Johnson and wife of former Sen. Charles Robb. The submarine, which is more than 90 percent complete, will be delivered to the Navy next year. (AP Photo/Bob Child) Original Filename: SUB_CHRISTENED_HF105.jpg

Patrick Raycraft / Hartford Courant

A welder at Collins & Jewell Co. Inc., a Bozrah manufacturer and Electric Boat supplier, is pictured here in 2017. PATRICK RAYCRAFT

The Virginia is pictured here in a graving dock at the shipyard of General Dynamics Electric Boat. Construction of a second submarine was thrown into doubt Tuesday when a Senate subcommittee approved only partial funding. (AP Photo/Bob Child)

JACK SAUER / AP

The USS Virginia returns to the Electric Boat Shipyard in Groton on July 30, 2004, after its first sea trials.

Electric Boat and the Navy are finding that it is a challenge to ramp up production after decades of flat, post-cold war defense spending that shrunk the U.S. fleet by half while idling and, eventually, depleting the ranks of welders, shipfitters and riggers who build ships, not to mention the companies that supply materials and components.

Lay-offs, retirements, industrial outsourcing and the trend away from trade schools and toward college also contributed to labor and supply chain shrinkage. Between the 1980s, when Electric Boat was booming with Cold War construction, and today, the U.S. industrial base, the manufacturing segment of the workforce dedicated to building things like submarines, slipped from 35 to 12 percent.

CT is attracting international attention. It’s about security, jobs and building submarines

Against that backdrop, Congress and the Navy have now committed to a program to build dozens of submarines of two classes — Columbia and Virginia — that will be the most sophisticated, stealthy and possibly the most expensive weapons platforms ever designed. And the Navy wants the ships as quickly as possible.

At 560-feet, the Columbia, which will fire ballistic missiles, will be the largest ever submarine, and is the Pentagon’s top priority. Each ship is now estimated to cost more than $9 billion and take 84 months to build. The Pentagon has designated Columbia the top national defense priority and wants at least 12. When complete, the class will carry 70 percent of the country’s nuclear arsenal.

The Navy wants at least 60 of the smaller Virginia class boats, hunter-killers designed to destroy enemy submarines and surface ships, deliver missiles to land targets, deploy special operations teams, support naval battle groups and carry out intelligence gathering missions. The latest version costs about $3.5 billion and takes about 60 months to build.

Increasing pressure on sub construction is the trilateral AUKUS agreement signed by  Australia, the United Kingdom and the U.S as a means of countering Chinese expansionism. The treaty commits the U.S. to selling at least three and as many as five Virginia submarines to Australia. Before such a sale in closed, whoever is U.S. president must first certify that the Navy has enough ships to satisfy U.S security needs.

As a sign of its concern over Chinese aggression , Australia, a nation of 28 million, has committed to a $320 billion modernization of its Navy and shipbuilding capacity, and has invested another $3 billion in the United States to strengthen the U.S. submarine industrial base.

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China asks WTO to set up panel for US electric vehicle subsidies dispute

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Exclusive: US-Japan Patriot missile production plan hits Boeing component roadblock

A U.S. plan to use Japanese factories to boost production of Patriot air defence missiles - used by Ukraine to defend against Russian attacks - is being delayed by a shortage of a critical component manufactured by Boeing, four sources said.