sailboat in ancient greek

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Ancient History/Greece/Greek Boats

Greek boats had two or three sails depending on the size of the craft. These boats were made out of large pieces of hard wood; these boats were large for the time but only could carry 100 – 150 kg of stone used to make statues. The usual items carried on the boats were construction supplies to build houses, war supplies such as iron, bronze, etc. the Greeks also carried lots of food, the most items they would trade were almonds,. Other objects they would carry were fish, olives, barley and other substances they would carry the substances over water by putting them in urns and putting a wax seal food.

There was a special road called the “Diolkos” it was a special road because it connected two seas so people would be able to travel to the other seas without getting a different boat, the length of this road was 175 km an anonymous writer said that after it was built it started to turn green because of the seaweed and barnacles laying on it because no one would clean it. This road started at one sea and ended at the other. What would happen was they would put this boat on a trailer pulled by three oxen they would then pull it across to the other sea.

To transport objects and themselves on land they would use wooden carts to pull themselves around the city or even their village. Now to pull the carts they would use animals, it was much easier to use pack animals because they would only have to control one for the others to follow. These animals could pull up to 100 kg. With the larger animals like oxen and cattle they could carry up to 500 kg. To build roads, not that they usually did because they thought it would be easier for their enemies to invade the area they would use stone or dirt to pave the area, the city would only do this if the area was based on trade. The fact was the poor people walked while the rich people used carts.

Transportation was a very important thing in ancient Greece. The people based their whole civilization on boat transportation.

Book:Ancient History

What Did Boats Look Like in Ancient Greece?

In ancient Greece, boats played a vital role in transportation, trade, and warfare. These ancient vessels were marvels of engineering, reflecting the advanced maritime technology of the time. Let’s explore what these boats looked like and how they were used.

Ancient Greek Boats: Types and Designs

Ancient Greek boats can be broadly categorized into two types: warships and merchant ships. Each type had its own distinct design and purpose.

1. Warships – Triremes

One of the most iconic ancient Greek warships was the trireme. Triremes were long and slender vessels propelled by three rows of oars on each side. These oars were manned by skilled rowers who provided the necessary speed and agility in naval battles.

The triremes’ hulls were typically made of wood, with strong planks tightly fastened together using wooden pegs or iron nails. The hull featured a sharp bow that allowed it to cut through the water swiftly. At the rear, there was a rudder for steering.

The deck of a trireme had multiple levels:

The uppermost level housed soldiers who fought with spears, bows, or other weapons.
The middle level accommodated rowers positioned on benches in tight rows.
The lower level served as storage for weapons, supplies, and other equipment.

2. Merchant Ships – Hellenistic Vessels

Merchant ships in ancient Greece were known as Hellenistic vessels. These ships were primarily used for trade and transportation of goods across the Mediterranean Sea.

Hellenistic vessels were larger than triremes and had a more spacious design. They typically featured a broad beam, allowing for increased cargo capacity. The hull was reinforced with additional planks to withstand the weight of the cargo and the rough sea conditions.

These merchant ships often had:

A single mast with a square sail that harnessed the wind for propulsion.
Multiple storage compartments to accommodate various types of cargo.
A crew that included sailors, traders, and sometimes armed guards for protection.

Ancient Greek Boats in Art and Literature

Ancient Greek boats were not only functional but also held cultural significance. They frequently appeared in art and literature, providing insight into their form and purpose.

The famous Greek epic, The Odyssey , written by Homer, vividly describes the boats of that era. In this epic tale, Odysseus encounters various vessels during his long journey back to Ithaca after the Trojan War. These descriptions give us a glimpse into the appearance and capabilities of ancient Greek boats.

In ancient Greek pottery, intricate drawings depicting boats have been found. These illustrations showcase different types of vessels, their oarsmen, and the activities performed on board.

In Conclusion

Ancient Greek boats were marvels of maritime technology. From warships like triremes to merchant vessels like Hellenistic ships, these boats served crucial roles in transportation, trade, and warfare. Their designs varied according to their purpose but shared common features such as wooden hulls, rowers or sailors, and storage compartments.

The legacy of these ancient Greek boats lives on through art, literature, and our understanding of their significant contributions to ancient civilization.

6 Related Question Answers Found

What were boats made of in ancient greece, what did the land of ancient greece look like, did ancient greece use boats, what did society look like in ancient greece, what did homes in ancient greece look like, what was life like in the ancient greece, ancient times - ancient civilization - world history - american history - natural history -, ancient greece, life of jesus - resurrection - disciples.

Greeks and Romans

The speed of a boat in ancient times was determined by the number of oars that it carried or by the spread of canvas. Both the Greeks and the Romans made use of sailing vessels for commerce but used oar-powered galleys for maritime warfare. It is the slender and beautiful galleys that have come down to us as the maritime icons of European antiquity because they were much more impressive vessels than the slower, ungainly-looking trading ships. The rise of galleys is a testament to the weakness of sailing know-how at this period of the Atlantic tradition: rigging consisted of one or two masts, each carrying a single square sail hung from a horizontal yard. With a following wind the yard was angled perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the ship—the origin of the much more efficient square-riggers of later centuries. For sailing to other points with the wind (against the wind was not feasible in antiquity) it was necessary to twist the yard about the mast so that the sail would catch the wind at an optimum angle. I analyze the effectiveness of square-rigged ships in detail in the next chapter, but here it is necessary only to point out that sails took up a lot of deck space. The wind might come from directly behind, or from over the left shoulder or right shoulder, and the yard had to be oriented correctly to catch the wind. The sail and rigging would occupy much of the port or starboard side of the deck amidships, depending on orientation. So the midship deck area had to be kept clear for the sail. Plus, reefing the sail required a large crew. These realities caused problems for warships, which needed soldiers on deck to repel boarders or to board enemy ships. Hence, oars were preferred for warships because they did not waste deck space.

Before the days of gunpowder and cannons, naval warfare was simply land war at sea, meaning that warships were just fighting platforms for soldiers. Greek (and Roman) galleys would ram each other;* if this did not sink the enemy vessel, then soldiers poured over the gunwales to fight it out hand to hand. Ramming required speed and rapid maneuverability, and hand-to-hand fighting required soldiers; both these factors led to galleys rather than sailing ships for Greek and Roman warfare at sea.

The need for speed meant more oars, which in turn meant that galleys had to be longer than sailing ships. The typical Greek merchant ship (whose design was probably influenced by the Phoenicians) had a ratio of length to beam of 4:1, whereas the ratio for the war galley was closer to 10:1.t The Greeks themselves referred to their merchant ships, which were sailing vessels, as ''round ships.'' An arms race started up: faster enemy galleys meant that your galleys had to be faster still to avoid being rammed and to outmaneuver the enemy. So galleys became longer and longer to accommodate more oars, for more speed. But longer ships are structurally weaker; they were at risk of hogging, or breaking up between heavy waves. The practical limit for length appears to have been about 95 ft, though some of the later—and presumably stronger—galleys may have reached 125 ft. When still more speed was needed, the solution was to build a second bank of oarsmen, resulting in the Greek biremes (the Roman equivalent is shown in fig. 1.3). The demand for yet more speed led to a third bank and triremes. These large Greek galleys, with up to

*Large bronze-encased rams were an integral part of the prow of Greek galleys by the ninth century BCE.

tThe large ratio of galley length to beam was due to the narrow beam as much as to the extended length. A narrow beam reduces hydrodynamic drag, as we will see in a later chapter, and so helped the oarsmen squeeze a little more speed out of their vessel.

170 oarsmen each, dominated warfare in the Mediterranean from the sixth to the fourth century BCE. It must have taken considerable training for such a large crew to row in unison, in particular when maneuvering in the heat of battle. It was important for war galleys to have effective steering so that they could maneuver to intercept an enemy vessel and ram it, or avoid being rammed. Historical evidence and modern reconstructions have shown that the steering oars used on Greek and Roman galleys were effective because they were symmetrical, with one on either side of the stern.* Without such symmetry, as we will see, the steering oar is much less effective than the sternpost rudder.

* There is a lot of archaeological evidence in the form of shipwrecks, from which historians have learned a lot about Greek and Roman galleys and sailing ships. Also, galleys are a common motif on Greek pottery that has survived through to the present day.

Rome succeeded ancient Greece as the dominant Mediterranean power, and Roman galleys grew into the larger quadriremes and quin-quiremes. Here, quad- and quin- do not refer to four and five banks of oars, but instead to four or five oarsmen per oar. The oars needed to be very long to reach the water from the top bank of a large trireme, and so more oarsmen were needed to row effectively. The Romans, unlike the Greeks, were not a seafaring people and made few nautical innovations. However, the Romans were excellent builders, and they were happy to borrow designs from subject peoples. The large Roman galleys were based on the older Greek design, with influences from Hannibal's Carthaginians (successors to the Phoenicians), and they dominated the Mediterranean Sea until the fifth century CE. These galleys were troop transporters and weapons platforms that could carry 120 soldiers plus oarsmen. The soldiers disembarked via a hinged gangplank at the stem, much like they did from a World War II landing craft.

Galleys—both Greek and Roman—would have a simple square sail for crossing the sea, to relieve the oarsmen, but sails were never used in battle. Indeed, oared vessels could not carry enough provisions for the large crew to withstand a long sea voyage, so galleys were not suitable for the open ocean. Trading over long distances required more seaworthy ships, and so the Greek ''round ships'' and the vast number of Roman merchant ships were sailing vessels. What were they like?

There is less representation of Greek merchant ships in art compared with depictions of biremes and triremes, perhaps reflecting their lower status. War was a noble art, whereas trade was for the hoi polloi. We have seen that the shapes of sailing ships and galleys were different because of the conflicting design requirements. In classical times the trading ships became quite large because the Mediterranean was relatively free of pirates and because the large empire (in the case of the Romans) required bulk transportation of goods—in particular, grain from Egypt to Rome.* Merchant ships of the fifth century BCE were

*That there were fewer political borders to cross 2,000 years ago than at any time since must have facilitated trade. This is because there existed three large empires at the same time—Rome, Parthia (Persia), and China—connected by a trade routes over land, the ''Silk Road.'' Thus, silk was available to wealthy Romans, and trade in general was more widespread than later, during the European Dark Ages, when fractured empires and small states in constant flux deterred regular trade over long distances. While the Roman Empire lasted, the Mediterranean was a Roman lake, typically of 150 tons' cargo capacity, though 300-500 tons was not uncommon. The smaller vessels were about 60 ft long and a fat 20-25 ft across the beam. By the first century BCE grain ships (corbita) with capacities of 1,300 tons could be found sailing the grain run from Alexandria to Rome (fig. 1.4). Grain was transported in sacks, and liquids in large amphorae—earthenware pots that were packed into place in the cargo hold with brushwood.

We know from marine archaeology that the hulls of Roman merchant ships were largely unchanged from those of the Greeks: large, carvel-built, and high-sided. As with the galleys, merchant ships were maneuvered via symmetrical twin steering oars that were "in no way inferior to the Medieval stern rudder,'' in the words of historian J. G. Landels (see also Lionel Casson). These oars were often boxed in with additional hull planking for protection.

There must have been maintenance problems for the large ships because dry-dock facilities would not have existed to take them. The ship-worm Teredo navales must have chomped its way through a number of Greek and Roman hulls, despite the application of pitch or lead tiles below the waterline. Careening (tilting a ship at a steep angle, so that one side of the hull is exposed for cleaning and repair) was apparently unknown in classical times.

The anchors for these merchant ships (of stone, or of lead encased in wood) were correspondingly large. We know this because, being robust, many of them have survived to the present day. A typical 230-ton boat was equipped with up to five anchors, the largest being 8 ft long and weighing 1,500 lb.

Romans improved the rigging somewhat over their Greek predecessors. Blocks, pulleys, halyards, stays, sheets—most of the standard items in later sailing ships' standing and running rigging were present in Roman merchant vessels. The two or three masts carried square-rigged sails. Sails could be at least partially furled, quickly when required, from the deck, without any of the crew needing to go aloft. By the fifth century CE Roman merchant ships dominated Mediterranean trade just as their galleys dominated militarily. By this time the large square sails had been supplemented by additional sails: bowsprit sails, topsails, aft spritsails, and sea trade was safe enough for regular routes to be established. Rome imported about 150,000 tons of grain from Egypt each year.

Figure 1.4. Two views of a Roman corbita (grain ship). These carvel-built merchant vessels were propelled by sails and not oars; consequently, their length-to-beam ratio was much smaller than that of the warships. Note the boxed-in symmetrical steering oars and the bowsprit sail. The swan neck decoration appears on all corbita images. Thanks to Antonis Kotzias for providing these images.

and even the new lateen rig (of which more later). These merchantmen could probably manage 4-5 knots in a good following wind. They could sail effectively with the wind on either beam (though more slowly, and with considerable leeway). The mainsail yard would be braced aslant to the wind, with the sheet on the weather side let out and the lee-side sheet tightened by a winch. Apparently one well-known problem at the time was the tendency for the ship to ''head up''—turn to windward when the wind is on a beam.* It was difficult to counter this tendency in a large merchant ship via the steering oars alone. (In this respect steering oars were less effective than the later sternpost rudders.) Instead, the mainsail was shortened on the lee side.

It is likely that these ships could sail a point into the wind, but no more. We will see that later square-rigged sailing ships could sail at least two points into the wind. This difference may not sound like much, but it is very significant. When the wind is dead ahead, tacking (discussed in detail later) is laborious and slow. Landels notes (correctly) that, had the ancients been capable of improving their ships to sail even 1° closer to the wind, they would have reduced the distance traveled by 8%. By sailing two points into the wind, the square-riggers of the Age of Sail reduced the distance traveled by nearly half.2 We can appreciate the exertion required for Roman sailing ships to sail into the wind from the following record. It is reported that merchant ships plying a regular route from the Straits of Messina in southern Italy to Alexandria in Egypt required 1820 days to make the journey. The dominant wind is from the northwest, and so the outward journey was largely with the wind. The return journey, on the other hand, required between 40 and 65 days.

Despite their clumsiness and their lack of ''Wow!'' compared with the contemporary war galleys, the workaday Roman grain ship contributed significantly more to the development of Mediterranean ships.

Continue reading here: Carvel versus Clinker

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Readers' Questions

What did the romans call the mediterranean sea?

The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea "Mare Nostrum," which translates to "Our Sea" in Latin. They considered it to be their own private sea as it surrounded the lands under their control.

How did galleys steer?

Galleys were steered using a combination of oars and rudders. A galley typically had multiple rows of oars on each side, often manned by rowers or slaves. The oars were used to propel the galley forward and provide directional control. The rowers would row together in sync, guided by the commands of the ship's helmsman or captain. In addition to oars, galleys also had a rudder at the stern. The rudder was a large, flat board that could be turned to change the direction of the ship. The helmsman would use a tiller or steering wheel to manipulate the rudder and guide the galley along the desired course. By coordinating the rowing of the oars and the positioning of the rudder, galleys were able to navigate and steer in various directions.

How did romans navigate from place to place?

The Romans used a variety of methods and tools for navigation, especially for long-distance travel. Here are some key ways they navigated from place to place: Roman Roads: The Romans built an extensive network of well-constructed roads throughout their vast empire. These roads were crucial for military purposes but also facilitated trade and communication. They were marked with milestones to indicate distances, and travelers could follow these roads to reach their destinations. Milestones: Along the Roman roads, milestones were erected every Roman mile (1,000 paces). These stones provided information such as the distance to major cities and served as reference points for travelers. Itinerarium: The Romans developed itinerarium, which were detailed travel itineraries providing distances, landmarks, and estimated travel times between various towns and cities. These itineraries were commonly written on papyrus or stone tablets and were used by both civil and military travelers. Compass and Sun Dial: Though not as accurate as modern compasses, the Romans used magnetic compass-like devices known as a "pergula" or a "sinus." They also used sundials to determine directions by tracking the movement of the sun. Landmarks and Natural Features: Romans relied on landmarks such as rivers, mountains, and prominent buildings to navigate their way. They would refer to these landmarks described in their itineraries to help them find their route. Navigation by the Stars: For long sea voyages, Romans used celestial navigation techniques. By observing the positions of stars at night or the sun during the day, sailors could determine their latitude and make rough estimates of their position. Guidebooks: Travelers often used guidebooks, such as the "Antonine Itinerary" or "Peutinger Table," which provided maps and information about routes, distances, and towns along the way. These guidebooks were valuable tools for travelers to plan their journeys. River Navigation: Rivers were crucial for transportation in the Roman Empire, especially for goods. Romans used riverboats and barges that could navigate the waterways. They also made use of canals and locks to facilitate river travel. It is essential to note that different people used different methods of navigation based on their purpose and means of travel.

Why do you think triremes were effective warships?

There are several reasons why triremes were considered effective warships in ancient times: Speed and maneuverability: Triremes were known for their impressive speed due to their sleek design and rowing configuration. With three tiers of oars, triremes had a large number of rowers that allowed them to achieve high speeds. This speed allowed them to outmaneuver larger and slower ships, enabling them to quickly engage or disengage from battles. Ramming capability: Triremes were equipped with a reinforced bow, known as a ram, which was used to ram and sink enemy ships. The ramming technique, known as diekplous, was highly effective in damaging and immobilizing enemy vessels, as it exploited the vulnerable sides of other ships. Versatility: Triremes were versatile ships that could be used for various purposes, including naval battles, coastal raids, and transportation of troops or supplies. Their shallow draft allowed them to navigate in shallow waters, making them well-suited for Mediterranean and coastal warfare. Psychological impact: The sight of triremes approaching an enemy fleet created a psychological impact on the opposing forces. The large number of oars and the speed at which they moved made triremes appear intimidating, instilling fear and panic among adversaries even before the battle began. Training and tactics: The effectiveness of triremes in battle was not solely dependent on the ship itself but also on the well-trained and coordinated crew. Trireme crews underwent extensive training to row in unison and execute battle tactics effectively. The tactical use of triremes relied on strategies like the periplous, where they would encircle and attack the enemy fleet, maximizing their ramming capability. Overall, the combination of speed, maneuverability, ramming capability, versatility, psychological impact, and well-trained crews made triremes highly effective warships of ancient times.

How romans waterproofed sails?

Romans used a combination of techniques to waterproof sails, primarily for their trireme ships. These techniques included using various materials and employing innovative methods to make the sails resistant to water. Tar: The Romans commonly used tar, a sticky and waterproof substance, to coat their sails. They applied tar to both sides of the fabric, ensuring the sail remained waterproof and protected against moisture. Wax: Roman sailors also used beeswax to waterproof their sails. They applied the wax to the fabric by melting it and then spreading it evenly. Wax provided an additional layer of protection while also improving the sail's durability. Pitch: Another method was using pitch, a resinous substance obtained from trees. Pitch was heated and then applied to the sails, creating a waterproof seal. This technique was particularly effective against harsh weather conditions and seawater. Oil: Romans sometimes used oil, such as olive oil or fish oil, to waterproof sails. They soaked the sail fabric in oil, which made it more resistant to water and prolonged its lifespan. Animal Fat: Animal fat, like lanolin or tallow, was occasionally used to waterproof sails. The fat was melted and then spread evenly on the sail fabric, creating a protective layer against water. Starching: Romans also used starch, made from wheat or rice, to waterproof sails. The starch would be mixed with water and applied to the sail, creating a drying effect that prevented water absorption. Lamination: In some cases, Romans laminated sail fabrics using layers of different materials. This technique combined materials such as wool or linen with waterproof substances or coatings, enhancing the sail's resistance to water. It is important to note that these techniques were not used in isolation but often in combination for the best results. The use of tar, wax, pitch, oil, animal fat, starch, and lamination helped Romans create sturdy and waterproof sails, allowing their ships to navigate the seas more effectively.

How did greek trading ships differ from fighting ships?

Greek trading ships, known as merchant ships or merchantmen, differed from fighting ships in several key ways: Design and Purpose: Trading ships were designed primarily for commerce and transportation, with a focus on maximizing cargo space and stability to carry goods. Fighting ships, on the other hand, were designed for naval warfare, emphasizing speed, maneuverability, and offensive capabilities. Size: Trading ships were generally larger and bulkier than fighting ships, as they needed ample space to accommodate cargo. They could range in size from small coast-hugging vessels to massive cargo carriers known as "round ships." In contrast, fighting ships were typically smaller and lighter, allowing for greater speed and agility on the battlefield. Structure and Construction: Trading ships had a sturdy and flat bottom to provide stability when carrying heavy cargo. They had a larger hull with multiple decks to accommodate both cargo and crew. Fighting ships, by contrast, had a slender and sleek hull with a single deck or multiple decks for crew, weapons, and equipment. Armament: Trading ships were generally unarmed or minimally armed for self-defense purposes. They might have had a few light weapons placed on board to fend off pirates or other threats. Meanwhile, fighting ships were heavily armed with features like battering rams, archery stations, and other types of offensive weaponry. Crew and Training: Crew members on trading ships primarily included merchants, seamen, and traders who were trained in navigating, handling cargo, and negotiating with foreign merchants. Fighting ships, on the other hand, required trained warriors, rowers, and naval personnel skilled in combat techniques, boarding, and maritime warfare. Overall, while both trading ships and fighting ships had their own specific purposes, their designs, sizes, armament, and crews varied greatly to meet their distinct needs.

What were roman gallies built of?

Roman galleys were built out of wood planks, secured with iron nails. A common type of wood used was oak, which was strong and durable. The frames of the ships were formed from willow branches, covered with an animal hide. The sails and rigging were made of linen or hemp.

Can triremes sail perpendicular to the wind?

Yes, a trireme can sail perpendicular to the wind. Triremes were equipped with a large square sail that could be adjusted to catch the wind in any direction. This gave them the ability to travel quickly and maneuver in any direction.

Names of ancient Greek ships

Josho Brouwers 7 May 2019

Literary evidence

Attic inscriptions, closing thoughts.

Ancient Greek ships and sailing

Greek ships: A sailing ship with rowers at the oars

Early Greek sailing

Because Greece was so mountainous , and every place in Greece was so close to the sea , a lot of people in Greece used boats to get from one place to another, even starting as early as the Stone Age , when people sailed to the islands to get obsidian , and also went out in boats to catch tuna fish .

Earlier history of boats Greece in the Stone Age All our Ancient Greece articles

Probably the very first people who came to Greece already knew how to use boats – they may even have come to Greece from West Asia in small wooden boats .

Sailors setting sail on a Greek warship

Fishing, trade, and piracy

Greek people used boats to fish , and to trade with other places, and also to sail to other cities and fight them and take their stuff. Sometimes the Greeks hired out their ships to fight for other countries, too. Sometimes they fought as pirates, capturing other people’s trading ships.

Mercenary soldiers History of fishing The Greek economy

Greek sailors had different kinds of boats for all these things – small rowboats for fishing, and big trading ships , and fast warships .

( More about Greek cargo ships )

By the 600s BC , the Greeks were among the best sailors in the Mediterranean Sea (along with the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians ).

More about Phoenician sailing Carthage and North Africa

Greek stories about sailing.

Exekias: Dionysos turning a ship into vines (Athens, ca. 530 BC)

Because the Greeks spent a lot of time sailing, they told a lot of stories about sailing and the dangers of being out in boats. The Greek poet Homer told the story of Odysseus , who was shipwrecked on his way home from Troy .

Homer’s Odyssey Damon and Pythias Arion and the dolphins Dionysos and pirates

Greek people told the story of Pythias , who was shipwrecked on his way to save his friend Damon. They told the story of Arion , who was attacked by pirates and saved by dolphins. They told about Dionysos , who turned the pirates themselves into dolphins.

Sails and enslaved rowers

Like other people at this time, Greek ship-builders built their ships from the outside in, first the hull and then the insides. They used only one big square sail, made of coarse linen cloth .

More about linen cloth Women and cloth-making

Sailors rowing trading ships (Athens ca. 550 BC)

There were some improvements in sails by the time of Aristotle in the 300s BC . Aristotle seems to say that sometimes sailors squeezed down one side of the sail, the way you can squeeze one end of your window blinds, in order to catch the wind.

When even that didn’t catch enough wind , Greek captains forced slaves to row their ships with wooden oars.

More about ancient Greek slavery

Invention of the astrolabe: better navigation.

An Islamic astrolabe (832 AD)

Even though the classical Greeks were great sailors, they didn’t like to go out of sight of land if they could help it. That’s because they didn’t have compasses or astrolabes or any way to tell where they were if they couldn’t see land. Mostly they sailed near land, following the coast around the Mediterranean. That was a long way to go, and it took a long time.

Then about 140 BC, just as the Romans were conquering Greece, Hipparchus of Rhodes invented the astrolabe .

What is an astrolabe?

Learn by doing: greek olympics more about greek warships go on to roman sailing, bibliography and further reading about greek ships and boats:, more about greek cargo ships go on to roman sailing ships quatr.us home, share this story, choose your platform, about the author: karen carr.

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20 comments.

#last minute save

Do you know how fast Biremes could go? I’ve looked all over the internet and can’t find anything.

There’s some information about trireme speeds here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trireme . I imagine biremes went somewhat slower.

Thanks Karen, we will add your thoughts to this article. Thank you for contributing.

Thank you for writing this article Karen Buss! You really helped me with my research project!

I’m glad to hear it, Gregory! Please let your teacher or school know so they can link to this site; that would help so many other students find us!

Thank you Karen, we will add your thought to this article! Thank you for sharing this information! I will notify our editor to add this.

YEEEEEEEEEEEEET

YEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEET!!!!!!

Great Article

Thanks, Ethan! I’m glad you liked it!

Were any of them gay

Yes, of course, because there are gay people in every society everywhere in the world. You can read more about that in our article here: https://quatr.us/greeks/friendship-ancient-greece.htm

Of course not {some mean stuff}

We don’t post unkind comments here, just so you know.

who know’s

how do they stay in touch with each other

They didn’t! They just had to wait until they got into port to get any news. And when a ship did come into port, everyone would come meet them to find out the news that the people on the ship had, too.

Comments are closed.

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A Brief History of Sailing in Greece - Part 1

Mythology and Ancient Mariners

Maritime history in Greece, like most things, dates back thousands of years. All the ancient civilizations have their own story of seafaring, exploration and trade routes. Part of the charm of sailing in Greece is that the ancient history is evident everywhere and the knowledge that your Greek sailing charter may be plowing the same routes as her ancient mariners adds a certain something to the experience.

The First European Sailors

The first evidence of sailing in Greece was during the Minoan age. Minoan traders from Crete, were active in the eastern Mediterranean by 1600 BC trading copper and bronze, seeming to have learned much from the original ancient sailors - the Phoenicians.

This knowledge would have, perhaps, been influenced by the Dorians who conquered Greece in 1200BC and brought with them Iron Age Technology during the Dark Ages (1200 – 800BC)

Maritime Mythology

One of the earliest recorded stories of western seafaring was that of Odysseus, or Ulysses, the Ancient Greek king of Ithaca whose sailing adventures were described by Homer in his epic poem the Odyssey. Although the Odyssey and the Illiad were thought to have been published around 800BC, they both take place in the Trojan War years (1194 to1984 BC) before the invention of the Greek Alphabet and written records. According to this epic, it took Odysseus 10 years to return home from the Trojan wars with many adventures along the way including: defeating the Cyclops; disobeying Aeolus, god of the wind; running into sirens and other mythological monsters and being held captive by Calypso before finally sailing home on his ancient sailboat.

Another sailing epic from Greek mythology, involves a band of heroes who, in the years before the Trojan War, accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. This crew were referred to as the Argonauts, a name which comes from their ship, the Argo which in turn was named after its builder, Argus. This ancient ship has been reconstructed and can be found in the Greek city of Volos, which is where Jason was thought to have left from.

These ancient mariners deified the sea, believing that as man embarked on a sea journey he no longer belonged to himself. In awe of the power of the sea, they attributed it to the great Sea God, Poseidon and left offerings at his temples before every journey, believing that they were liable to be sacrificed at any time to his anger.

The Domination of the Trireme

By the beginning of the Archaic Age (800 to 480 BC), the Greek trireme was the most common ship of the ancient Mediterranean world, employing the propulsion power of oarsmen and sail. Based on archeological evidence this ship was a true technological innovation of the times. This 40-metre-long style of sailing ship was first constructed by the Corinthians around 700 B.C. They needed 150 men just to pull the oars. There would be three files of oarsmen on each side who were initially slaves but in the later years were free men. The trireme sailing boat dominated the Eastern Mediterranean for more than 1.000 years, through the Classical (480 – 338 BC) and Hellenistic (338 to 146 BC) Ages.

Through these ages local agriculture had become productive enough to kick off a resumption of maritime trading and new Greek colonies were established in north Africa and the Southern Mediterranean all by the power of the wind! These ancient traders travelled in cargo ships, that could carry a lot of produce, even if they weren’t as fast as triremes. Since Greece is so mountainous, even domestic trade generally went by sea.

Sailing against the wind was difficult with the type of sails available and sailing was usually downwind with the famed trade winds of old. Even with the wind, they could only go about five knots compared to the warships that could sail as fast as 14 knots. Cargo ships carried a lot of different produce, such as wine, wheat, olive oil, perfume, glass cups and vases, jewelry and clothing, grindstones, and metal tools. Maritime trade helped to spread Greek culture and civilisation throughout the ancient western world.

Change in Design

During the Archaic and Classical periods, most of these ships weighed about 150 tons. Later, in the Hellenistic period (388 – 146BC), the light trireme was supplanted by bigger war ships in the navies of the time. The need for the larger penteconter was mostly due to an increase in armourment carried on board and the use of the ship for ramming and boarding other ships, as Greece engaged in various wars. These bigger ships sometimes had two or even three masts, so they could carry more sails to harness the power of the wind.

Triremes continued to be the boat of choice for smaller navies and were used alongside the bigger warships as they were appreciated for their maneuverability. They played a major role in the Persian wars, the creation of the Athenian maritime empire and its downfall in the Peloponnesian wars.

The gradual development of triangular sails first appeared in the Late Republic, around 50 BC. They may have evolved from the earlier Greek "brailed" sails, gathered on one side. These triangular sails aided the square sails and were called "lateen" sails, because Latin speakers invented them. Lateen sails were an advantage as they could be used for tacking into the wind, gaining better speed and harnessing the weaker winds.

By Merryn Wainwright

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2,500 Years Ago, Herodotus Described a Weird Ship. Now, Archaeologists Have Found it.

One of the most elusive boats from the ancient world — a mysterious river barge that famed Greek historian Herodotus described nearly 2,500 years ago — has finally been discovered.

Herodotus dedicated 23 lines of his "Historia" to this type of boat, known as a baris, after seeing the construction of one during his travels to Egypt in 450 B.C. In his writings, Herodotus described how the long barge had one rudder that passed through a hole in the keel, a mast made of acacia wood and sails made from papyrus.

However, modern archaeologists had never laid eyes on such a boat, until the ancient, sunken port city of Thonis-Heracleion was discovered on the Egyptian coast in the year 2000. This port boasted more than 70 sunken vessels dating from the eighth to the second century B.C. One of those boats, archaeologists recently discovered, matched the description of the enigmatic baris. [ Mayday! 17 Mysterious Shipwrecks You Can See on Google Earth ]

"It wasn't until we discovered this wreck that we realised Herodotus was right," Damian Robinson, the director of Oxford University's Centre for Maritime Archaeology, told The Guardian . "What Herodotus described was what we were looking at."

In the "Historia," Herodotus describes how the barge's builders used to "cut planks two cubits long [about 40 inches, or 100 centimeters] and arrange them like bricks," The Guardian reported. Herodotus also wrote that "On the strong and long tenons [pieces of wood] they insert two-cubit planks. When they have built their ship in this way, they stretch beams over them… They obturate [block up] the seams from within with papyrus."

Upon discovering the newfound vessel, known to the team at Ship 17, scuba-diving archaeologists noted that it had a previously unknown architecture that included thick planks that were held together with smaller pieces of wood.

"Herodotus describes the boats as having long internal ribs. Nobody really knew what that meant. … That structure's never been seen archaeologically before," Robinson told The Guardian. "Then, we discovered this form of construction on this particular boat and it absolutely is what Herodotus has been saying."

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Originally, Ship 17 would have been quite long, measuring up to 92 feet (28 meters), the archaeologists noted. It likely sank in the first half of the fifth century B.C., "but it was probably older than this because it was reused as a piece of maritime infrastructure (a floating jetty) at the end of its working life as a ship," Robinson told Live Science in an email. "Consequently, the Ship 17 is most likely to be from the sixth century B.C."

Ancient Egyptians used baris vessels to transport goods, such as fish, stones and even troops, along the Nile River. "The one from Thonis-Heracleion was also likely involved in moving goods to and from the emporium," Robinson told Live Science. "Baris would have moved imports from the Greek and Persian worlds further down the Nile to the cities of the valley, and they would also have brought Egyptian goods like grain or natron [salt] up to the port for export."

Alexander Belov, an archaeologist and shipwreck specialist with maritime archaeologist Franck Goddio, has been studying the ships at the sunken port of Thonis-Heracleion. He has written an in-depth analysis of the barge in his book "Ship 17: a baris from Thonis-Heracleion" (Oxford University's Centre for Maritime Archaeology, 2018). Belov's analysis also places the baris within the ancient boat-building traditions of Egypt and the Mediterranean region. After these barges began to fall apart, they were likely incorporated into other maritime infrastructure at the port, the Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology reported in a statement.

Findings from the Thonis-Heracleion port are now on display at the exhibit " Egypt's Sunken Cities " at the Minneapolis Institute of Art until April 2019.

Editor's Note : This article was updated at 5:17 p.m. EDT to include more information from Damian Robinson.

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Originally published on Live Science .

Laura is the archaeology and Life's Little Mysteries editor at Live Science. She also reports on general science, including paleontology. Her work has appeared in The New York Times, Scholastic, Popular Science and Spectrum, a site on autism research. She has won multiple awards from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Washington Newspaper Publishers Association for her reporting at a weekly newspaper near Seattle. Laura holds a bachelor's degree in English literature and psychology from Washington University in St. Louis and a master's degree in science writing from NYU.

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Ancient Greek Texts

Texts with translation You can browse some texts side by side with the translation .

How you can download the texts Just "click" the "download" button for the compressed (zipped) file. When you are asked for a response, select "save to disk". Then you can decompress the file and use your editor to see it (of course you must have installed an appropriate font as described above).

Feedback If you are interested in some specific texts you can ask me and I will try to upload them asap (if they are available). You can also send me email and I will inform you of any new uploads.

Greek Wooden Boats: The history of traditional craftsmanship
Artistic Tales

19 May 2017

Caressed by a gentle sea breeze and illuminated by the glorious sunshine, Greek wooden boats have a proud and long-standing tradition of sailing the Aegean Sea. As time goes on, this great trade will become more precious. Today’s boat makers can embrace their history and preserve traditions so that the generations to follow will have a bitter sweet story to tell.

Greek Wooden Boats: Greek Boat Building

For some, wooden shipbuilding yards surge a deep feeling of nostalgia. The boats lined in these work places are of historical importance and part of a craft which is in danger of extinction.

The sweet smell of wood, the grounds scattered with wood chips and tools, the cutting sound of a hammer as it touches a plank and the buzzing shrill of the saw cutter, all harmoniously co-exist in the birth of a Greek wooden boat.

Greek wooden boats or caïque: the culture of Greek boat building

The history of the Greek shipbuilding dates back to the prehistoric times. Over the centuries, the craftsmanship transitioned through various stages and today’s traditional wooden shipbuilding is shaped by the diverse elements adopted from the Middle Ages and the Byzantine Empire.

During the Ottoman Empire, the sultans would use their imperial caïques for ceremonial and daily excursions around the Bosporus. The caïques were adorned with impressively carved decorative items to show off the wealth of their owners.

The Greek wooden boats known as kaiki are deeply rooted into the culture of the Greek boat building traditions. They served as traditional fishing boats for fishing and trawling in the Mediterranean. Today, they are mostly used for tourist boat rides on the islands.

The techniques and knowledge of this complex traditional craftsmanship has been passed down from generation to generation. The secret of the successful shipbuilding craft lies in the mastering of specific tasks in the construction phase and the graceful manipulation of natural materials. The skilled masters would first use their imagination to visualize and then to create their unique masterpieces.

The famous shipyards and the skilled Greek craftsmen

The Greeks have always had a special relationship with the sea. Most grew up on the islands where they spent their childhood days playing on the beach. The shipyards and workshops are usually situated right on the waterfront, where the masters can enjoy the fresh sea breeze under the open sky.

A study conducted by the Traditional Boat Association of Greece, recorded 14,500 wooden boats sailing in Greece about 20 years ago out of which 12,500 have been destroyed following a law imposed by the European Union in 1996 to prevent overfishing. As a consequence, only a few boat builders are left in Greece and most are small family businesses which have passed their techniques and knowledge from father to son.

In the port city of Perama, one of the pioneers in the classic Greek wooden boats building is Thodoris Tsikis , the third generation of skilled craftsmen who continues his family tradition started by his grandfather Mastro Thodoris in 1912. The island of Spetses is also home to one of the few remaining workshop’s where Dinos Korakis who is well over 90, continues to practice his craft with his son.

On Lesvos, Takis Psarodelis has been practicing his craft for over 60 years in his workshop located on the shores of Skala Kallonis. When Psarodelis speaks about the subject of making wooden boats, we could see the sorrow in his eyes. After all, his son was not keen on learning the techniques he has honed for decades.

The future of the Greek Wooden Boats

Today, the trend of renting motor sailor boats to enjoy a holiday sailing in the Aegean and Ionian Seas has prevailed, leaving the future of the Greek wooden boats craftsmanship in a challenging state.

Sailing in a traditional caïque feels like being placed inside a rare flower amidst the blue waters of the Aegean Sea, the warmth of the glistening sun’s rays playfully bouncing on the sea’s surface and gracefully enhancing the magical landscapes.

For those who are seeking a top cultural sailing experience, can charter a luxury traditional Greek wooden boat and encounter a captivating journey through a history of time.

Have you ever been sailing on a caïque? Share your experience by commenting below.

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Ten Shipwrecks Found Off the Coast of Greek Island

The sunken vessels range in age from 3,000 B.C.E to the 1940s

Daily Correspondent

Using Homer’s Iliad and other historical texts as their guide, researchers have identified ten shipwrecks off the coast of Kasos , a small Greek island in the Aegean Sea.

Through the Kasos Maritime Archaeological Project , an interdisciplinary team of researchers spent four years exploring the waters around the island at depths of roughly 65 to 154 feet. The group finished its field work in October, and the Greek Ministry of Culture announced the findings last week.

The discoveries offer new information and archaeological data on the history of Kasos, as well as the rich cultural heritage of the Mediterranean, according to the statement.

Underwater archaeologist scrubbing artifact with brush

“This island has long been overlooked in historical narratives, and we aimed to uncover its significance in ancient maritime networks,” Xanthie Argiris , a marine archaeologist involved with the project, tells Newsweek ’s Aristos Georgiou.

The ten shipwrecks vary greatly in age: The oldest dates to around 3000 B.C.E., while the youngest—a wooden boat with metal elements that measure between 82 and 98 feet long—likely sank during World War II.

The team also found ships and artifacts spanning classical antiquity (from around the year 460 B.C.E), the Byzantine era (from 800 to 900 C.E.), and the medieval and Ottoman periods.

The wide timeline represented by the ships reflects the significance of Kasos as a “maritime crossroads throughout the ages,” Argiris tells Newsweek .

Some of the ships were carrying goods from as far away as Spain, Italy, Africa and Asia, the researchers report. The items include a Spanish amphora that dates to between 150 and 170 C.E., as well as drinking vessels and flasks from Africa that date to the Roman period. The researchers also found a stone anchor from the Archaic Period , which lasted from roughly 700 to 500 B.C.E.

Beginning in 2019, the team carried out four separate research missions around the island, which spans 19 square miles. It’s the southernmost island in the Dodecanese complex in the southeastern Aegean and served as a major trade hub for centuries. According to the Iliad , Homer’s epic eighth century B.C.E. poem, Kasos sent ships to fight in the Trojan War , writes Artnet ’s Vittoria Benzine.

The researchers took more than 20,000 underwater photographs, brought sunken artifacts to the surface and made maps of the Kasos-Karpathos reef using side-scanning sonar.

The project is the focus of an 11-minute documentary film called Diving i n the History of the Aegean , available in both Greek and English, that is being shown at international archaeological film festivals.

Next, the team will explore the waters surrounding the neighboring island of Karpathos.

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Sarah Kuta is a writer and editor based in Longmont, Colorado. She covers history, science, travel, food and beverage, sustainability, economics and other topics.

Sailing Greece's ancient monuments: Discovering timeless treasures by sea

Sailing Greece's ancient monuments is a truly unique experience, offering a rare opportunity to explore the country's rich history and cultural heritage from a fresh perspective.The route from Athens to Aegina and Cape Sounion is a classic sailing itinerary that offers a perfect blend of history, culture, and natural beauty. With stunning views of the Aegean Sea and some of Greece's most iconic landmarks, this route is a must-see for anyone seeking an unforgettable sailing experience.

Keep in mind that this is just inspiration for the cruise. Each itinerary must be planned with the current weather conditions and other factors in mind.

Itinerary: Alimos Marina (Athens)– Aegina island – Epidaurus – Agkistri – Aegina island – Cape Sounion – Alimos Marina (Athens) Difficulty: medium Lenght: a week route (116 nm total)

Day 1: Athens

In Athens, the city's ancient monuments offer a captivating journey through time. Begin your exploration at the Acropolis, an iconic symbol of Greek civilization, where you'll find the majestic Parthenon temple dedicated to Athena, the city's patron goddess. Nearby, marvel at the Erechtheion with its iconic Porch of the Caryatids, a stunning display of female statues supporting the structure. Stroll through the Ancient Agora, a once-thriving commercial and political hub, to discover the beautifully preserved Temple of Hephaestus, one of the best-preserved temples in Greece. Don't miss the Roman Agora, which showcases the grand Tower of the Winds, an ancient timekeeping marvel. Finally, visit the Panathenaic Stadium, a grandiose structure entirely made of marble, where the first modern Olympic Games took place in 1896. Each of these awe-inspiring monuments offers a unique glimpse into Athens' rich history and the splendor of ancient Greece.

As you'll be coming back to Athens, you don't have to see everything on the first day. Take your time and pace yourself to fully appreciate the city's treasures.

Acropolis is a symbol of ancient Greek civilization.

YACHTING.COM TIP: Taking over a boat without worries! Take a look at what to pay attention to and how to do it.

Day 2: Aegina island (20 nm)

Embark on a sailing adventure from Athens to the charming Aegina Island, an ideal getaway with a rich history and fascinating ancient monuments. The journey itself is a pleasant experience, as you glide across the Saronic Gulf, soaking in the sun and admiring the picturesque coastline.

We recommend anchoring in Agia marina. The harbour is sheltered from northerly winds, but not from southerly winds. The seabed is quite rocky, we recommend anchoring about 50 m from the shore.

Upon arrival, be sure to explore the island's historical landmarks. The Temple of Aphaia, dedicated to the goddess Aphaia, is a must-visit site. This Doric temple, dating back to the 5th century BC, is remarkably well-preserved and offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. Another significant monument is the ancient site of Kolona, situated near Aegina Town. Here, you'll discover the remnants of a sanctuary dedicated to Apollo, including the foundations of ancient temples, and a single surviving column that has become the emblem of the site.

Epidaurus Theatre is a masterpiece of ancient Greek engineering and architecture.

Day 3: Epidaurus (15 nm)

Set sail from Aegina and chart a course towards Epidaurus, a serene destination along the Peloponnese coastline, renowned for its wealth of ancient monuments. As you navigate the sparkling waters, enjoy the stunning views and tranquil atmosphere that the Saronic Gulf offers. Upon arrival, choose from several idyllic bays to drop anchor and take advantage of the peaceful surroundings.

Once ashore, immerse yourself in the ancient wonders of Epidaurus. The must-see attraction is the Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus, a remarkably well-preserved structure dating back to the 4th century BC. Known for its exceptional acoustics and stunning design, this UNESCO World Heritage Site continues to host performances during the annual Epidaurus Festival.

Another essential stop is the Sanctuary of Asclepius, an ancient healing center dedicated to the god of medicine. Explore the ruins, including the remains of the Tholos, a circular building with a mysterious subterranean labyrinth, and the Stoa of Abaton, where patients would sleep and await divine healing.

Your visit to Epidaurus will provide a unique insight into the ancient world, leaving you with unforgettable memories of Greece's extraordinary past.

Day 4: Agkistri (12 nm)

Agkistri is a small and picturesque island, known for its beautiful beaches, crystal clear waters, and lush green landscape rather than historical monuments. However, there are still some points of interest to explore on the island:

Church of Agioi Anargyroi: This small church is located in the village of Skala, the main port of Agkistri. It is a charming white-washed building with blue domes, typical of Greek island architecture.
Church of Agia Kyriaki: This is another small church located near the village of Megalochori, which also features traditional Greek island architecture.
Church of Panagia: Located in the village of Metochi, this church is surrounded by pine trees and offers a peaceful atmosphere.

While Agkistri might not have a wealth of historical monuments, its main appeal lies in its natural beauty, pristine beaches, and relaxing atmosphere. Some popular beaches to visit on the island include Skala Beach, Dragonera Beach, and Aponissos Beach.

YACHTING.COM TIP: Get ready for the Meltemi. We have written an article for you so that this northern wind won't catch you off guard.

Day 5: Aegina island (15 nm)

You're returning to Aegina again, so if you've missed anything, this is the perfect opportunity to make up for it! Explore the town, have a delicious lunch and enjoy a day of relaxation.

View of Aegina Island and the harbor.

Day 6: Cape Sounion (22 nm)

Once you approach Cape Sounion, you'll instantly recognize the iconic promontory with its dramatic cliffs rising majestically from the sea. The ancient Temple of Poseidon, perched atop the cape, stands as a proud reminder of Greece's rich history and cultural heritage.

Your first stop should be the Temple of Poseidon, the main attraction at Cape Sounion. This ancient temple, built in the 5th century BCE, is dedicated to the god of the sea. As you walk among the Doric columns, take a moment to appreciate the temple's stunning architecture and the breathtaking views of the Aegean Sea. The temple's strategic location allowed sailors of old to spot it from afar, serving as a beacon of hope and protection.

As you explore the Temple of Poseidon, don't miss the famous inscription by British poet Lord Byron. Carved into one of the temple's columns, this piece of graffiti dates back to the early 19th century and is a testament to the Romantic era's fascination with ancient Greece.

The entire promontory of Cape Sounion is an archaeological site that offers more than just the Temple of Poseidon. Wander through the ruins of the ancient fortified city, including the remains of the Temple of Athena Sounias, the walls, and the fortress' gates. This archaeological site provides a glimpse into the rich history of this strategic location and the lives of those who once inhabited it.

The famous Temple of Poseidon is located at Cape Sounion.

Day 7: Athens (32 nm)

On the last day, you return to Athens, which abounds with many of the sights we mentioned at the beginning. You can then return to the places you missed on the first day.

Reminder: The information given (distances, mooring details, etc.) is for information purposes only and cannot be relied upon completely. Please study the nautical chart before sailing to ensure a safe and enjoyable voyage.

Do you need help choosing a ship or do you have any other questions? Contact me!

Denisa Nguyenová

Faq about exploring ancient monuments in greece.

Do I need any sailing experience to take this trip?

It's recommended that you have some prior sailing experience before embarking on a trip like this, as the winds and currents can be challenging at times.

Are there any special permits or licenses required for sailing in this area?

Is it safe to sail in this area?

Exploring the Ancient Ruins of Greece by Sailboat

Embark on a journey through the ancient ruins of Greece by sailboat and discover a rich history that dates back thousands of years.

Greece, a country steeped in history and mythology, is a sailor’s paradise. With its stunning coastline, crystal-clear waters, and countless islands, it’s no wonder that Greece is a top destination for those looking to explore the world by sailboat. But Greece is not just about beautiful beaches and picturesque villages; it’s also home to some of the most fascinating ancient ruins in the world. In this article, we’ll take you on a journey through the Greek islands, exploring the ancient ruins that make this country so unique and captivating.

Introduction to greece’s ancient ruins, sailing the greek islands, exploring the ruins of delos, discovering the sanctuary of asklepios at epidaurus, uncovering the mysteries of knossos, visiting the acropolis of athens, wandering through the ancient city of mycenae.

Greece is a country with a rich and diverse history that dates back thousands of years. From the Minoan civilization of Crete to the powerful city-states of Athens and Sparta, Greece has been home to some of the most influential cultures in human history. Today, the ancient ruins that dot the Greek landscape serve as a testament to the country’s storied past and provide a unique and fascinating backdrop for those exploring the country by sailboat.

As you sail through the Greek islands, you’ll have the opportunity to visit some of the most famous archaeological sites in the world, including the Acropolis of Athens, the Palace of Knossos, and the ancient city of Delos. Each of these sites offers a unique glimpse into the lives of the people who once inhabited them, and exploring them by sailboat allows you to experience these ancient wonders at your own pace and on your own terms.

Before we dive into the ancient ruins themselves, let’s take a moment to discuss the logistics of sailing the Greek islands. Greece is home to over 6,000 islands and islets, with the most popular sailing destinations being the Cyclades, the Ionian Islands, the Dodecanese, and the Saronic Gulf. Each of these island groups offers its own unique attractions and challenges, so it’s essential to plan your route carefully and consider factors such as weather, sailing experience, and personal preferences.

When planning your sailing adventure, it’s important to keep in mind that the sailing season in Greece typically runs from April to October, with the peak months being July and August. During these months, you can expect warm temperatures, steady winds, and plenty of sunshine, making it the perfect time to explore the ancient ruins by sailboat.

Our first stop on this journey through Greece’s ancient ruins is the island of Delos, located in the heart of the Cyclades. Delos is considered one of the most important archaeological sites in Greece and is believed to be the birthplace of the Greek gods Apollo and Artemis. The island was once a thriving religious and commercial center, and today, its well-preserved ruins offer a fascinating glimpse into the lives of the people who once inhabited it.

As you sail into the harbor of Delos, you’ll be greeted by the sight of the ancient ruins rising up from the island’s rocky landscape. Some of the most notable sites to explore on Delos include the Terrace of the Lions, the House of Dionysus, and the Sanctuary of Apollo. Be sure to also visit the Archaeological Museum of Delos, which houses a vast collection of artifacts and statues discovered on the island.

Next up on our list of ancient ruins to explore by sailboat is the Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus, located on the eastern coast of the Peloponnese. This UNESCO World Heritage site was once an important healing center dedicated to the god of medicine, Asklepios, and is home to some of the most impressive ancient structures in Greece.

The highlight of Epidaurus is undoubtedly the ancient theater, which is considered one of the best-preserved and most acoustically perfect theaters in the world. With a capacity of over 14,000 spectators, the theater is still used for performances today and offers a unique opportunity to experience the ancient world in a modern context.

Other notable sites at Epidaurus include the Temple of Asklepios, the Tholos, and the Stadium. After exploring the ruins, be sure to visit the nearby Archaeological Museum of Epidaurus, which houses a vast collection of artifacts and statues discovered at the site.

Our next stop takes us to the island of Crete, where we’ll explore the ancient ruins of Knossos, the largest Bronze Age archaeological site in Greece. Knossos was once the center of the Minoan civilization, which flourished on Crete from around 2000 to 1450 BCE. The site is famous for its elaborate palace complex, which is believed to have been the inspiration for the myth of the Minotaur and the labyrinth.

As you wander through the ruins of Knossos, you’ll be struck by the site’s incredible size and complexity. The palace complex covers an area of over 20,000 square meters and includes numerous courtyards, storerooms, and living quarters. Some of the most famous features of Knossos include the Throne Room, the Queen’s Megaron, and the frescoes that adorn the walls of the palace.

After exploring the ruins, be sure to visit the nearby Heraklion Archaeological Museum, which houses a vast collection of Minoan artifacts and offers a comprehensive overview of the civilization’s history and culture.

No exploration of Greece’s ancient ruins would be complete without a visit to the Acropolis of Athens, the most famous archaeological site in the country. Perched high above the city on a rocky outcrop, the Acropolis is home to some of the most iconic structures in the world, including the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, and the Temple of Athena Nike.

As you sail into the harbor of Athens, the Acropolis will be visible in the distance, serving as a constant reminder of the city’s ancient past. To reach the site, you’ll need to make your way through the bustling streets of Athens, which offer a stark contrast to the peaceful serenity of the islands.

Once you’ve reached the Acropolis, take your time exploring the various structures and soaking in the incredible views of the city below. Be sure to also visit the nearby Acropolis Museum, which houses a vast collection of artifacts and statues discovered at the site.

Our final stop on this journey through Greece’s ancient ruins is the ancient city of Mycenae, located on the northeastern coast of the Peloponnese. Mycenae was once the center of the Mycenaean civilization, which flourished in Greece from around 1600 to 1100 BCE. The city is famous for its massive stone walls, known as Cyclopean walls, which are believed to have been built by the legendary Cyclops.

As you explore the ruins of Mycenae, you’ll be struck by the site’s imposing fortifications and the incredible engineering feats that were required to construct them. Some of the most notable sites at Mycenae include the Lion Gate, the Treasury of Atreus, and the Royal Tombs.

After exploring the ruins, be sure to visit the nearby Archaeological Museum of Mycenae, which houses a vast collection of artifacts and statues discovered at the site.

Greece is a country with a rich and diverse history that is just waiting to be explored by sailboat. From the ancient ruins of Delos and Epidaurus to the iconic Acropolis of Athens, there is no shortage of fascinating archaeological sites to discover as you sail through the Greek islands.

As you embark on your own sailing adventure, remember to take the time to truly immerse yourself in the history and culture of the places you visit. By doing so, you’ll not only gain a deeper appreciation for the ancient world but also create lasting memories that will stay with you long after you’ve returned to the harbor.

So hoist your sails, chart your course, and set off on an unforgettable journey through the ancient ruins of Greece. The adventure of a lifetime awaits!

7,000-year-old sailing technology uncovered near Rome reshapes history

P eople have been sailing with technologically advanced ships since seven thousand years ago. This finding emerged from the discovery of ancient boats near a lake close to Rome, which unveiled the sophisticated construction techniques Neolithic communities used in the region.

The Stone Age sailors possessed quite advanced boat-building technology. Neolithic communities traveled and traded using sea routes, as archaeological evidence of floating units and settlements on coasts and islands suggests. Scientists from the Higher Council for Scientific Research in Spain, in collaboration with colleagues from other institutions, detailed these Neolithic sailing technologies in the Mediterranean Basin. Their research, centered on analyses of ancient boats found in the Neolithic village of La Marmotta near Rome, was recently published.

The study's results and descriptions were featured in the journal "PLOS ONE" ( DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299765 ).

Sophisticated sailing technologies

The Neolithic sailors of the Mediterranean Basin navigated on ship decks that boasted many features found in modern boats. The quality and complexity of these prehistoric innovations suggest several significant advances in sailing were made during the late Stone Age, likely facilitating the conquests and spread of major ancient civilizations.

At the archaeological site of La Marmotta, researchers found five boats constructed from hollowed-out tree trunks, resembling canoes or kayaks, dating from between 5700 and 5100 BCE. These boats were made from four different types of wood, an unusual practice in similar archaeological finds. The scientists acknowledged the use of advanced construction techniques in these boats, such as cross reinforcements that improved the hull's durability, protection, and steerability.

In one boat, the discovery of three wooden objects shaped like the letter "T", each with a series of holes, was especially noteworthy. These likely served to fasten lines to sails or to connect other navigational elements, like a stabilizer or a secondary boat to form a double-hulled catamaran. Such innovations would have ensured greater safety and stability, along with an enhanced capability for transporting people, animals, and goods, the authors suggest in their publication.

The boats are cited as unique examples of prehistoric ship construction, necessitating a deep understanding of construction techniques and wood properties, alongside a coordinated, specialized workforce.

The oldest constructions of their kind

Comparing the discovered boats with more recent sailing technologies supports the notion that many significant sailing advancements occurred in the Neolithic period. The researchers believe that more ancient boat wrecks may be hidden near La Marmotta, pointing towards intriguing possibilities for future research.

"Direct dating of the Neolithic boats from La Marmotta confirms their status as the oldest known ships of their kind in the Mediterranean Basin. This study underscores the considerable technological sophistication of early agricultural and pastoral communities, highlighting their craftsmanship in woodworking and complex shipbuilding," the authors wrote.

The Neolithic settlement of La Marmotta was first discovered in 1989, lying twenty-six feet beneath the surface of Lake Bracciano, approximately 984 feet from the current shoreline and linked to the Mediterranean Sea. Excavations conducted between 1992-2006 and in 2009 uncovered not only the five boats but also a substantial collection of wooden tools for weaving textiles, baskets for carrying food, and other artifacts. These findings portray La Marmotta as a thriving farming community, likely serving as a significant trade hub due to its Mediterranean proximity.

The largest of the unearthed boats, made from oak, measures about 36 feet, with the others ranging from 13 to 31 feet in length, constructed from alder, poplar, and beech. Given their sizes, it is speculated that these boats were used far beyond Lake Bracciano, potentially navigating the Mediterranean Sea. Artifacts found in La Marmotta, including Greek or Baltic pottery and obsidian tools from the Lipari and Palmarola islands, support this theory.

In 1998, a team of researchers built a replica canoe to test its capabilities for long-distance sailing, successfully journeying more than 497 miles from Italy to Portugal.

Source: Public Library of Science, IFLScience, photo by PLOS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299765, CC-BY

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Complete Guide to Sailing the Greek Islands

Prepare for the journey

Visit the Cyclades Islands

Explore the saronic islands, navigate the ionian islands, discover the dodecanese islands, experience the northeast aegean islands, travel to the sporades islands, sail around the crete island, how to handle the boat, what to carry along.

Imagine feeling the warm Mediterranean sun on your skin, the cool breeze tugging at your hair, and the gentle lapping of waves against the hull of your boat. This is what awaits you when sailing in the Greek Islands. With a rich history, stunning landscapes, and tranquil blue waters, Greece offers a unique sailing experience for both beginners and seasoned sailors. This blog will serve as your compass, guiding you through everything you need to know about sailing in the Greek Islands.

Prepare for the Journey

Before you set sail on the adventure of a lifetime, you need to prepare. Good preparation can be the difference between an enjoyable trip and a stressful one. Here are some things you should consider:

Weather: Greece has a Mediterranean climate. This means warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The sailing season usually starts in April and ends in October. However, the best time for sailing in the Greek islands is considered to be from May to September when the weather is most favorable.
Sailing Skills: Confidence in your ability to handle a boat is important. If you're a newbie, consider taking a few sailing lessons before your trip. This will help you understand the basics of sailing and navigation. You don't need to be an expert, but knowing the ropes will definitely enhance your sailing experience.
Route Planning: The Greek Islands are divided into several groups - the Cyclades, the Saronic, the Ionian, the Dodecanese, the Northeast Aegean, the Sporades, and Crete. Each group has its own charm and attractions. Plan your route based on what you want to see and do. Remember, the journey is just as important as the destination!
Boat Selection: The type of boat you choose will depend on your budget, the size of your crew, and your sailing skills. Options range from small sailing yachts perfect for couples or small groups, to larger catamarans or motor yachts ideal for larger parties. Make sure to choose a boat that fits your comfort and needs.

Preparing for your sailing trip to the Greek Islands may seem like a lot of work, but trust me, it's worth it. Once you're out there on the sparkling blue waters, with the wind in your sails and the sun on your face, you'll be glad you took the time to prepare.

Let's start our sailing journey in the Greek Islands with the Cyclades. This group of islands is the most popular among sailors—and for good reason. With their white-washed houses, blue-domed churches, and windmills, the Cyclades are the picture of idyllic Greek beauty.

Mykonos: Known for its vibrant nightlife and beautiful beaches, Mykonos is a must-visit when sailing in the Greek Islands. By day, explore the narrow, winding streets of Mykonos town. By night, enjoy the lively beach bars and clubs that make this island famous.
Santorini: No trip to the Cyclades would be complete without a stop at Santorini. With its stunning sunsets, unique architecture, and world-class wineries, Santorini is a truly unforgettable destination.
Paros: This island is a sailor's dream, offering safe harbors and plenty of anchorages. Paros is also known for its gorgeous sandy beaches and charming villages.

If you're looking for a blend of cultural experiences, beautiful landscapes, and a taste of the high life, the Cyclades Islands are just the ticket. Each island has its own story to tell, making your journey of sailing in the Greek islands a truly unique experience.

Next on our sailing adventure around the Greek islands, we arrive at the Saronic islands. These islands are a stone's throw from Athens, making them an easy and convenient option for sailors. But don't let their proximity fool you, these islands boast stunning natural beauty and rich history.

Aegina: Aegina is famous for the Temple of Aphaia, a well-preserved ancient Greek sanctuary. This island also offers bustling markets, a lively port, and delicious pistachios — they're a must-try when you visit!
Hydra: One of the most unique features of Hydra is the absence of cars. Donkeys are the main mode of transportation here, adding to the island's charm. Hydra is also home to an engaging maritime museum and stunning mansions that date back to the 18th century.
Poros: Poros is a small island, but it packs a punch with its lush pine forests and beautiful sandy beaches. A visit to the Historical and Folklore Museum will give you a glimpse into the island's past.

With their rich cultural heritage and stunning landscapes, the Saronic Islands are an excellent choice when sailing in the Greek islands. They offer a perfect blend of relaxation and exploration for an unforgettable sailing experience.

The next stop on our Greek sailing adventure is the Ionian Islands. Known for their breathtaking beaches, lush vegetation, and unique architectural style, these islands will surely leave you in awe. So, let's dive into what each island has to offer:

Corfu: Corfu is a melting pot of cultural influences, with Venetian, French, and British elements visible in its architecture. Make sure to visit the Old Fortress and stroll around the charming Old Town.
Kefalonia: Famous for its stunning beaches and turquoise waters, Kefalonia is a paradise for nature lovers. Don't miss the mesmerizing Melissani Cave and the majestic Mount Ainos.
Zakynthos: Home to the iconic Shipwreck Beach, Zakynthos is a must-visit. While here, take a chance to explore the beautiful Blue Caves and the endangered sea turtle nesting site at Gerakas Beach.

When sailing in the Greek islands, the Ionian Islands are certainly a destination to mark on your map. Their unique charm, combined with their natural beauty, makes for a memorable part of your Greek island sailing journey.

As we continue sailing in the Greek islands, we journey east to the Dodecanese Islands. This group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller islands is steeped in history and natural beauty, with each island offering its own unique experience.

Rhodes: Rhodes, the largest of the Dodecanese Islands, is known for its beach resorts, ancient ruins, and remnants of its Crusader past. Highlights include the Medieval City of Rhodes, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the ancient city of Kamiros.
Kos: With long sandy beaches and a vibrant nightlife, Kos is a popular spot for tourists. But it's not just about the beaches. You'll find ancient Greek and Roman landmarks, including the Asklepieion, one of the most significant archaeological sites in Greece.
Patmos: Known as the 'Jerusalem of the Aegean', Patmos is a place of pilgrimage due to its connection to Saint John the Divine. The Monastery of Saint John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse are must-visits.

From historical sites to stunning coastlines, the Dodecanese Islands add a unique flavor to your journey while sailing in the Greek islands. Don't forget to try out the local cuisine, as each island has its own delicious specialties!

Now, let's set the sails a bit more north and explore the Northeast Aegean Islands. They might be less famous than their southern siblings, but trust me, they are just as stunning and offer a more relaxing, authentic Greek experience.

Lesbos: Lesbos, also known as Mytilene, is famous for its olive oil, ouzo, and beautiful petrified forest. Don't miss the picturesque villages of Molyvos and Plomari, and try the local sardines - they're a delicacy here.
Chios: Famous for its mastic trees and medieval villages, Chios is truly unique. Pay a visit to the Mastic Museum and the village of Pyrgi, known for its black and white geometrical patterns on houses.
Samos: Samos is the birthplace of the famous mathematician Pythagoras. But that's not all - its white sandy beaches, lush green mountains, and sweet Muscat wine will make you fall in love with this island.

These islands are a bit off the beaten track, making them perfect for those who want to experience the real Greece while sailing in the Greek islands. With their rich history, unique local products, and stunning landscapes, the Northeast Aegean Islands are well worth a visit.

Next on our Greek sailing adventure, let's catch the wind to the Sporades Islands. Known for their stunning natural beauty and crystal clear waters, these islands will leave you speechless.

Skiathos: Skiathos may be small in size, but it's big in charm. With over 60 beaches to explore, you'll never run out of stunning spots to anchor your boat. And don't forget to visit the old town with its traditional houses and narrow streets.
Skopelos: Remember the movie "Mamma Mia"? It was filmed right here on Skopelos. Aside from its Hollywood fame, Skopelos is known for its lush greenery, beautiful churches, and delicious local cheese.
Alonnisos: If you're a nature lover, Alonnisos will be your paradise. Home to the National Marine Park of Alonnisos, this island is a haven for rare seabirds, dolphins, and the endangered Mediterranean monk seal.

A trip to the Sporades Islands will add a dose of nature, beauty, and tranquility to your journey sailing in the Greek islands. The blend of turquoise waters, green landscapes, and charming villages is something you won't easily forget.

Now, let's set sail for the largest of the Greek islands — Crete. Known for its diverse landscapes and rich history, Crete is a must-visit when sailing in the Greek islands. It's like a country within a country, offering everything from snow-capped mountains to sun-kissed beaches.

Heraklion: Start your journey in the vibrant city of Heraklion. Pay a visit to the ancient Palace of Knossos, considered Europe's oldest city, and the Heraklion Archaeological Museum, housing treasures from Crete's long history.
Chania: Sail west to Chania, a city where the past and present coexist. Walk along the old Venetian harbor, take in the charming old town, and try some of the island's best seafood.
Elafonisi: A little further west, you'll find the exotic beach of Elafonisi, known for its pink sand. Yes, pink! It's an ideal spot to anchor your boat and spend a leisurely day soaking up the sun.

Crete is a treasure chest of experiences waiting to be opened. It's not just about the destination, but the journey of sailing around it that makes it one of the most rewarding parts of sailing in the Greek islands.

Now that we've talked about where to go, let's discuss something equally important: how to handle the boat. Don't worry if you're not a seasoned sailor — with some basic knowledge and practice, you'll soon feel confident steering your own vessel while sailing in the Greek islands.

Get to know your boat: Familiarize yourself with the parts of the boat and their functions. Understand what the rudder, sail, and hull do. Remember, knowing your boat is the first step to controlling it.
Master the basics: Learn how to steer, adjust the sails, and anchor. These are basic skills that every sailor should know. Practice makes perfect, so don't rush.
Understand the wind: The wind is your friend when you're sailing. Learn how to read its direction and adjust your sails accordingly. Remember, you can't control the wind, but you can adjust your sails.
Stay safe: Safety should be your top priority. Always wear a life jacket, keep a close eye on the weather, and have a plan in case of emergencies.

Handling a boat can seem daunting at first, but with time and practice, you'll be sailing like a pro. It's all part of the adventure of sailing in the Greek islands. So, are you ready to take the helm?

When you're getting ready for your sailing trip in the Greek islands, packing can be a bit of a puzzle. But don't worry, we've got you covered. Here's a simple list of things you should definitely have with you:

Sunscreen: The Greek sun can be intense, especially in the summer. So, a good sunscreen is a must-have to protect your skin.
Comfortable clothes: Pack light, breathable clothes. Don't forget your swimsuit, a hat, and a light jacket for cooler nights.
Waterproof bag: A waterproof bag is handy for keeping your belongings dry, especially when you're on the boat.
Snacks and water: You'll need plenty of water to stay hydrated. Also, pack some snacks for when hunger strikes in between island stops.
First aid kit: It's always a good idea to have a basic first aid kit on board. It should include band-aids, antiseptic wipes, and motion sickness tablets.
Camera: You'll definitely want to capture the breathtaking views and memorable moments. So don't forget your camera!

Packing right can make a big difference in your sailing experience. So, take your time, check your list, and get ready to set sail. Remember, the Greek islands are waiting for you!

If you found this blog post on sailing the Greek Islands inspiring and want to capture the breathtaking landscapes you'll encounter on your journey, check out Sofia Podestà's workshop, ' Find Your Way in Landscape Photography .' This workshop will help you develop your photography skills, allowing you to capture the beauty and essence of the Greek Islands.

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Your heat-trapping dark roof costs almost $700 extra a year in electricity. Why are they still so common?

Analysis Your heat-trapping dark roof costs almost $700 extra a year in electricity. Why are they still so common?

Brightly coloured buildings in Santorini

If you visit southern Greece or Tunisia, you might notice lots of white rooftops and white buildings to reflect the intense heat and keep residents cooler.

It's very different in Australia. New housing estates in the hottest areas around Sydney and Melbourne are dominated by dark rooftops, black roads and minimal tree cover. Dark colours trap and hold heat rather than reflect it. That might be useful in winters in Tasmania, but not where heat is an issue.

A dark roof means you'll pay considerably more to keep your house cool in summer. Last year, the average household in New South Wales paid $1,827 in electricity. But those with a lighter-coloured cool roof can pay up to $694 less due to lower cooling electricity needs. Put another way, a dark roof in Sydney drives up your power bill by 38 per cent.

When suburbs are full of dark-coloured roofs, the whole area heats up. And up. And up. This is part of the urban heat island effect. In January 2020, Penrith in Western Sydney was the hottest place on Earth.

Cool roofs have many benefits. They slash how much heat gets into your house from the sun, keep the air surrounding your home cooler, boost your aircon efficiency, and make your solar panels work more efficiently.

State governments could, at a stroke, penalise dark roofs and give incentives for light-coloured roofs. Scaled up, it would help keep our cities cooler as the world heats up. But outside South Australia, it's just not happening.

a photo of grey house roofs next to a heat map showing red and green rooves representing which rooves are hotter or cooler

Why won't state governments act?

To date, our leaders show no interest in encouraging us to shift away from dark roofs.

In New South Wales, plans to ban dark roofs were axed abruptly in 2022 after pushback from developers.

The current NSW Planning Minister, Paul Scully, has now paused upgrades to the state's sustainability building standards which would have encouraged light-coloured roofs. Other Australian states and territories have also paused the rollout of new, more ambitious building sustainability standards.

This is short-sighted for several reasons:

It costs the same for a light- or dark-coloured roof
Owners will pay substantially higher electricity bills to keep their houses cool for decades
Keeping the building status quo makes it harder to reach emission targets
Dark roofs cut how much power you get from your rooftop solar, especially when it's hot. This is doubly bad as blackouts are most likely during the heat

At present, South Australia is the only state or territory acting on the issue. Early this year, Housing Minister Nick Champion announced dark roofs would be banned from a large new housing development in the north of Adelaide.

What's at stake?

At present, the world's cities account for 75 per cent of all energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. It's vitally important we understand what makes cities hotter or cooler.

Brick, concrete, tarmac and tiles can store more heat than grass and tree-covered earth can, and release it slowly over time. This keeps the air warmer, even overnight.

Built-up areas also block wind, which cuts cooling. Then there's transport, manufacturing and air-conditioning, all of which increase heat.

Before aircon, the main way people had to keep cool was through how they designed their homes. In hot countries, buildings are often painted white, as well as having small windows and thick stone walls.

The classic Queenslander house was lifted off the ground to catch breezes and had a deeply shaded verandah all around to reduce heat.

But after aircon arrived, we gradually abandoned those simple cooling principles for our homes, like cross-ventilation or shade awnings. We just turned on air conditioning instead.

Except, of course, the heat doesn't go away. Air conditioning works by exchanging heat, taking the heat out of air inside our house and putting it outside.

As climate change intensifies, it makes hot cities even hotter. Heatwaves are projected to be more frequent, including in spring and autumn, while overnight temperatures will also increase.

As cities grow, suburbs can push into hotter areas. The 2.5 million residents of Western Sydney live at least 50 kilometres from the sea, which means cooling sea breezes don't reach them.

Sweltering cities aren't just uncomfortable. They are dangerous. Extreme heat kills more people in Australia than all other natural disasters combined.

How can we cool our cities?

We don't have to swelter. It's a choice. Light roofs, light roads and better tree cover would make a real difference.

There's a very practical reason Australians prize "leafy" suburbs. If your street has established large trees, you will experience less than half the number of days with extreme heat compared to residents on treeless streets. If you live in a leafy street, your home is also worth more.

Blacktop roads are a surprisingly large source of heat. In summer, they can get up to 75 degrees Celsius. Our research shows reflective sealants can cut the temperatures up to 13C. Some councils have experimented with lighter roads, but to date, uptake has been minimal.

Cool roofs markedly reduce how much energy you need to cool a house. When used at scale, they lower the air temperatures of entire suburbs.

The simplest way to get a cool roof is to choose one with as light a colour as possible. There are also high-tech options able to reflect even more heat.

Soon we'll see even higher-performance options available in the form of daytime radiative coolers — exceptional cooling materials able to reflect still more heat away from your house and cut glare.

Until we choose to change, home owners and whole communities will keep paying dearly for the luxury of a dark roof through power bill pain and sweltering suburbs.

Sebastian Pfautsch is Research Theme Fellow — Environment and Sustainability at Western Sydney University. Riccardo Paolini is an associate professor in the School of Built Environment at UNSW Sydney. This piece first appeared on The Conversation .

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